pax_global_header00006660000000000000000000000064151243416660014522gustar00rootroot0000000000000052 comment=361f12febf901ef48215d0380551d86c7f0608ac tldextract-5.3.1/000077500000000000000000000000001512434166600137065ustar00rootroot00000000000000tldextract-5.3.1/.github/000077500000000000000000000000001512434166600152465ustar00rootroot00000000000000tldextract-5.3.1/.github/FUNDING.yml000066400000000000000000000000311512434166600170550ustar00rootroot00000000000000github: [john-kurkowski] tldextract-5.3.1/.github/workflows/000077500000000000000000000000001512434166600173035ustar00rootroot00000000000000tldextract-5.3.1/.github/workflows/ci.yml000066400000000000000000000027111512434166600204220ustar00rootroot00000000000000name: build permissions: contents: read on: pull_request: {} push: branches: - "master" tags-ignore: - "**" jobs: test: strategy: fail-fast: false matrix: os: [macos-latest, windows-latest, ubuntu-latest] language: [ {python-version: "3.10", toxenv: "py310"}, {python-version: "3.11", toxenv: "py311"}, {python-version: "3.12", toxenv: "py312"}, {python-version: "3.13", toxenv: "py313"}, {python-version: "3.14", toxenv: "py314"}, {python-version: "pypy3.10", toxenv: "pypy310"}, {python-version: "pypy3.11", toxenv: "pypy311"}, ] include: - os: ubuntu-latest language: {python-version: "3.10", toxenv: "codestyle"} - os: ubuntu-latest language: {python-version: "3.10", toxenv: "lint"} - os: ubuntu-latest language: {python-version: "3.10", toxenv: "typecheck"} runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }} steps: - name: Check out repository uses: actions/checkout@v6 - name: Setup Python uses: actions/setup-python@v6 with: python-version: ${{ matrix.language.python-version }} check-latest: true - name: Install Python requirements run: | pip install --upgrade tox tox-uv - name: Test run: tox env: TOXENV: ${{ matrix.language.toxenv }} tldextract-5.3.1/.gitignore000066400000000000000000000002011512434166600156670ustar00rootroot00000000000000*.pyc *.tld_set .cache .eggs build dist tldextract/_version.py tldextract.egg-info tldextract/.suffix_cache/* .tox .pytest_cache tldextract-5.3.1/CHANGELOG.md000066400000000000000000000534501512434166600155260ustar00rootroot00000000000000# tldextract Changelog After upgrading, update your cache file by deleting it or via `tldextract --update`. ## 5.3.1 (2025-12-28) * Bugfixes * Drop support for EOL Python 3.9 ([#359](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/359)) * Support Python 3.14 + PyPy 3.11 ([#358](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/358)) * Speed up IP address search space with `isdecimal()` instead of `isdigit()` ([#352](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/352)) * Docs * Reorganize, dedupe, and shorten README ([#349](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/349)) ## 5.3.0 (2025-04-21) * Features * Add result field `registry_suffix` ([#344](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/344)) * To complement the existing public suffix field `suffix` * Add result property `top_domain_under_public_suffix` ([#344](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/344)) * Add result property `top_domain_under_registry_suffix` ([#344](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/344)) * Deprecate `registered_domain` property * Use `top_domain_under_public_suffix` instead, which has the same behavior but a more accurate name * Bugfixes * Fix missing `reverse_domain_name` property in CLI `--json` output ([`a545c67`](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/commit/a545c67d87223616fc13e90692886b3ca9af18bb)) * Misc. * Expand internal `suffix_index` return type to be richer than bools, and include the registry suffix during trie traversal ([#344](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/344)) ## 5.2.0 (2025-04-07) * Features * Add `reverse_domain_name` result property ([#342](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/342)) * Bugfixes * Extend exported public interface with `ExtractResult` and `update` ([`36ff658`](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/commit/36ff658c53b510c5d56f8af235c8b08ce3c512f5)) * These were always meant to be public. Eases user import. * Docs * Document result fields * Note all return values * Colocate usage in the usage section * Link to private domain docs * Misc. * Update bundled snapshot ## 5.1.3 (2024-11-04) * Bugfixes * Reduce logging errors ([`921a825`](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/commit/921a82523c0e4403d21d50b2c3410d9af43520ac)) * Drop support for EOL Python 3.8 ([#340](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/340)) * Support Python 3.13 ([#341](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/341)) * Update bundled snapshot * Docs * Clarify how to use your own definitions * Clarify first-successful definitions vs. merged definitions * Misc. * Switch from Black to Ruff ([#333](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/333)) * Switch from pip to uv, during tox ([#324](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/324)) ## 5.1.2 (2024-03-18) * Bugfixes * Remove `socket.inet_pton`, to fix platform-dependent IP parsing ([#318](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/318)) * Use non-capturing groups for IPv4 address detection, for a slight speed boost ([#323](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/323)) * Misc. * Add CI for PyPy3.9 and PyPy3.10 ([#316](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/316)) * Add script to automate package release process ([#325](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/325)) * Update LICENSE copyright years ## 5.1.1 (2023-11-16) * Bugfixes * Fix path join on Windows ([#314](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/314)) * Support Python 3.12 ## 5.1.0 (2023-11-05) * Features * Allow passing in `requests.Session` ([#311](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/311)) * Add "-j, --json" option to support output in json format ([#313](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/313)) * Docs * Improve clarity of absolute path ([#312](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/312)) * Misc. * Extract all testing deps from tox.ini to pyproject.toml extras ([#310](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/310)) * Work around responses type union error, in tests ## 5.0.1 (2023-10-17) * Bugfixes * Indicate MD5 not used in a security context (FIPS compliance) ([#309](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/309)) * Misc. * Increase typecheck aggression ## 5.0.0 (2023-10-11) * Breaking Changes * Migrate `ExtractResult` from `namedtuple` to `dataclass` ([#306](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/306)) * This means no more iterating/indexing/slicing/unpacking the result object returned by this library. It is no longer a tuple. You must directly reference the fields you're interested in. For example, the following will no longer work. ```python tldextract.extract("example.com")[1:3] # TypeError: 'ExtractResult' object is not subscriptable ``` Instead, use the following. ```python ext = tldextract.extract("example.com") (ext.domain, ext.suffix) ``` * Bugfixes * Drop support for EOL Python 3.7 * Misc. * Switch from pycodestyle and Pylint to Ruff ([#304](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/304)) * Consolidate config files * Type tests * Require docstrings in tests * Remove obsolete tests ## 4.0.0 (2023-10-11) * **Breaking** bugfixes * Always include suffix if private suffix enabled and private suffix exists ([#300](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/300)) * Add a 4th field `is_private: bool`, to the `ExtractResult` `namedtuple`, indicating whether the extraction came from the PSL's private domains or not. * **This could cause issues when iterating over the tuple and assuming only 3 fields.** * Previously, the docs promoted iteration to rejoin parts of the tuple. This is better achieved by individual access of fields of interest (e.g. `ExtractResult.subdomain`) or convenience properties (e.g. `ExtractResult.{fqdn,registered_domain}`). This is the same content as version 3.6.0, originally released 2023-09-19, which was yanked. ## 3.5.0 (2023-09-06) * Features * Support IPv6 addresses ([#298](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/298)) * Bugfixes * Accept only 4 decimal octet IPv4 addresses ([#292](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/292)) * Support IPv4 addresses with unicode dots ([#292](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/292)) * Reject IPv4 addresses with trailing whitespaces + non-whitespaces ([#293](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/293)) * Misc. * Migrate setup.py to pyproject.toml ([#299](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/299)) ## 3.4.4 (2023-05-19) * Bugfixes * Honor private domains flag on `self`, not only when passed to `__call__` ([#289](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/289)) ## 3.4.3 (2023-05-18) * Bugfixes * Speed up 10-15% over all inputs * Refactor `suffix_index()` to use a trie ([#285](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/285)) * Docs * Adopt PEP257 doc style ## 3.4.2 (2023-05-16) * Bugfixes * Speed up 10-40% on "average" inputs, and even more on pathological inputs, like long subdomains * Optimize `suffix_index()`: search from right to left ([#283](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/283)) * Optimize netloc extraction: switch from regex to if/else ([#284](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/284)) ## 3.4.1 (2023-04-26) * Bugfixes * Fix Pyright not finding tldextract public interface ([#279](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/279)) * Fix various Pyright checks * Use SPDX license identifier ([#280](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/280)) * Support Python 3.11 * Docs * Add FAQ about private domains * Misc. * Update bundled snapshot * Fix lint in newer pylint ## 3.4.0 (2022-10-04) * Features * Add method `extract_urllib` to extract from a `urllib.parse.{ParseResult,SplitResult}` ([#274](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/274)) * Bugfixes * Fix internal type-var error, in newer versions of mypy ([#275](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/275)) ## 3.3.1 (2022-07-08) * Bugfixes * Fix documented types, in README and in exception message ([#265](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/265)) * Misc. * Format source code ## 3.3.0 (2022-05-04) * Features * Add CLI flag `--suffix_list_url` to set the suffix list URL(s) or source file(s) ([#197](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/197)) * Add CLI flag `--no_fallback_to_snapshot` to not fall back to the snapshot ([#260](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/260)) * Add alias `--include_psl_private_domains` for CLI flag `--private_domains` * Bugfixes * Handle more internationalized domain name dots ([#253](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/253)) * Misc. * Update bundled snapshot * Add basic CLI test coverage ## 3.2.1 (2022-04-11) * Bugfixes * Fix incorrect namespace used for caching function returns ([#258](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/258)) * Remove redundant encode ([`6e2c0e0`](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/commit/6e2c0e0)) * Remove redundant lowercase ([`226bfc2`](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/commit/226bfc2)) * Remove unused `try`/`except` path ([#255](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/255)) * Add types to the private API (disallow untyped calls and defs) ([#256](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/256)) * Rely on `python_requires` instead of runtime check ([#247](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/247)) * Docs * Fix docs with updated types * Fix link in Travis CI badge ([#248](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/248)) * Rewrite documentation intro * Remove unnecessary subheading * Unify case ## 3.2.0 (2022-02-20) * Features * Add types to the public API ([#244](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/244)) * Bugfixes * Add support for Python 3.10 ([#246](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/246)) * Drop support for EOL Python 3.6 ([#246](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/246)) * Remove py2 tag from wheel ([#245](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/245)) * Remove extra backtick in README ([#240](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/240)) ## 3.1.2 (2021-09-01) * Misc. * Only run pylint in Tox environments, i.e. CI, not by default in tests ([#230](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/230)) ## 3.1.1 (2021-08-27) * Bugfixes * Support Python 3.9 * Drop support for EOL Python 3.5 ## 3.1.0 (2020-11-22) * Features * Prefer to cache in XDG cache directory in user folder, vs. in Python install folder ([#213](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/213)) * Bugfixes * Fix `AttributeError` on `--update` ([#215](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/215)) ## 3.0.2 (2020-10-24) * Bugfixes * Catch permission error when making cache dir, as well as cache file ([#211](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/211)) ## 3.0.1 (2020-10-21) * Bugfixes * Fix `tlds` property `AttributeError` ([#210](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/210)) * Allow `include_psl_private_domains` in global `extract` too ([#210](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/210)) ## 3.0.0 (2020-10-20) No changes since 3.0.0.rc1. ## 3.0.0.rc1 (2020-10-12) This release fixes the long standing bug that public and private suffixes were generated separately and could not be switched at runtime, [#66](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/66). * Breaking Changes * Rename `cache_file` to `cache_dir` as it is no longer a single file but a directory ([#207](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/207)) * Rename CLI arg also, from `--cache_file` to `--cache_dir` * Remove Python 2.7 support * Features * Can pass `include_psl_private_domains` on call, not only on construction * Use filelocking to support multi-processing and multithreading environments * Bugfixes * Select public or private suffixes at runtime ([#66](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/66)) * Removals * Do not `debug` log the diff during update ## 2.2.3 (2020-08-05) * Bugfixes * Fix concurrent access to cache file when using tldextract in multiple threads ([#146](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/pull/146)) * Relocate version number, to avoid costly imports ([#187](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/pull/187)) * Catch `IndexError` caused by upstream punycode bug ([#200](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/pull/200)) * Drop support for EOL Python 3.4 ([#186](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/pull/186)) * Explain warning better ## 2.2.2 (2019-10-15) * Bugfixes * Catch file not found * Use pkgutil instead of pkg_resources ([#163](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/pull/163)) * Performance: avoid recomputes, a regex, and a partition * Misc. * Update LICENSE from GitHub template * Fix warning about literal comparison * Modernize testing ([#177](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/177)) * Use the latest pylint that works in Python 2 * Appease pylint with the new rules * Support Python 3.8-dev ## 2.2.1 (2019-03-05) * Bugfixes * Ignore case on punycode prefix check ([#133](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/133)) * Drop support for EOL Python 2.6 ([#152](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/152)) * Improve sundry doc and README bits ## 2.2.0 (2017-10-26) * Features * Add `cache_fetch_timeout` kwarg and `TLDEXTRACT_CACHE_TIMEOUT` env var ([#139](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/139)) * Bugfixes * Work around `pkg_resources` missing, again ([#137](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/137)) * Always close sessions ([#140](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/140)) ## 2.1.0 (2017-05-24) * Features * Add `fqdn` convenience property ([#129](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/129)) * Add `ipv4` convenience property ([#126](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/126)) ## 2.0.3 (2017-05-20) * Bugfixes * Switch to explicit Python version check ([#124](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/124)) * Misc. * Document public vs. private domains * Document support for Python 3.6 ## 2.0.2 (2016-10-16) * Misc. * Release as a universal wheel ([#110](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/110)) * Consolidate test suite running with tox ([#104](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/104)) ## 2.0.1 (2016-04-25) * Bugfixes * Relax required `requests` version: >= 2.1 ([#98](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/98)) * Misc. * Include tests in release source tarball ([#97](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/97)) ## 2.0.0 (2016-04-21) No changes since 2.0rc1. ## 2.0rc1 (2016-04-04) This release focuses on shedding confusing code branches & deprecated cruft. * Breaking Changes * Renamed/changed the type of `TLDExtract` constructor param `suffix_list_url` * It used to take a `str` or iterable. Its replacement, `suffix_list_urls` only takes an iterable. This better communicates that it tries a _sequence_ of URLs, in order. To only try 1 URL, pass an iterable with exactly 1 URL `str`. * Serialize the local cache of the remote PSL as JSON (no more `pickle`) - [#81](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/81) * This should be a transparent upgrade for most users. * However, if you're configured to _only_ read from your local cache file, no other sources or fallbacks, the new version will be unable to read the old cache format, and an error will be raised. * Remove deprecated code * `TLDExtract`'s `fetch` param. To disable live HTTP requests for the latest PSL, instead pass `suffix_list_urls=None`. * `ExtractResult.tld` property. Use `ExtractResult.suffix` instead. * Moved code * Split `tldextract.tldextract` into a few files. * The official public interface of this package comes via `import tldextract`. But if you were relying on direct import from `tldextract.tldextract` anyway, those imports may have moved. * You can run the package `python -m tldextract` for the same effect as the included `tldextract` console script. This used to be `python -m tldextract.tldextract`. * Misc. * Use `requests` instead of `urllib` - [#89](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/89) * As a side-effect, this fixes [#93](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/pull/93). ## 1.7.5 (2016-02-07) * Bugfixes * Support possible gzipped PSL response - [#88](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/pull/88) ## 1.7.4 (2015-12-26) * Bugfixes * Fix potential for `UnicodeEncodeError` with info log - [#85](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/pull/85) ## 1.7.3 (2015-12-12) * Bugfixes * Support IDNA2008 - [#82](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/pull/82) * Misc. * Ease running scripts during local development ## 1.7.2 (2015-11-28) * Bugfixes * Domain parsing fails with trailing spaces - [#75](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/pull/75) * Update to latest, direct PSL links - [#77](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/pull/77) * Misc. * Update bundled PSL snapshot * Require requirements.txt for local development * Enforce linting via the test suite - [#79](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/pull/79) * Switch to py.test runner - [#80](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/pull/80) * No longer distribute tests. No mention of `test_suite` in setup.py. CI is handled centrally now, on this project's GitHub. ## 1.7.1 (2015-08-22) Fix publishing mistake with 1.7.0. ## 1.7.0 (2015-08-22) * Features * Can include PSL's private domains on CLI with `--private_domains` boolean flag * Bugfixes * Improved support for multiple Punycode (or Punycode-looking) parts of a URL * Mixed in/valid * Mixed encodings * Fix `ExtractResult._asdict` on Python 3.4. This should also save space, as `__dict__` is not created for each `ExtractResult` instance. ## 1.6 (2015-03-22) * Features * Pass `extra_suffixes` directly to constructor * Bugfixes * Punycode URLs were returned decoded, rather than left alone * Things that look like Punycode to tldextract, but aren't, shouldn't raise * Print unified diff to debug log, rather than inconsistent stderr ## 1.5.1 (2014-10-13) * Bugfixes * Missing setuptools dependency * Avoid u'' literal for Python 3.0 - 3.2 compatibility. Tests will still fail though. ## 1.5 (2014-09-08) * Bugfixes * Exclude PSL's private domains by default - [#19](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/pull/19) * This is a **BREAKING** bugfix if you relied on the PSL's private domains * Revert to old behavior by setting `include_psl_private_domains=True` * `UnicodeError` for inputs that looked like an IP ## 1.4 (2014-06-01) * Features * Support punycode inputs * Bugfixes * Fix minor Python 3 unicode errors ## 1.3.1 (2013-12-16) * Bugfixes * Match PSL's GitHub mirror rename, from mozilla-central to gecko-dev * Try Mozilla's PSL SPOT first, then the mirror ## 1.3 (2013-12-08) * Features * Specify your own PSL url/file with `suffix_list_url` kwarg * `fallback_to_snapshot` kwarg - defaults to True * Deprecations * `fetch` kwarg ## 1.2 (2013-07-07) * Features * Better CLI * Cache env var support * Python 3.3 support * New aliases `suffix` and `registered_domain` * Bugfixes * Fix dns root label ## 1.1 (2012-03-22) * Bugfixes * Reliable logger name ([#10](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/pull/10)) * Forgotten `import sys` ([#8](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/pull/8)) ## 1.0 (2012-02-12) * Docs * Summarize advanced usage * Removals * Remove deprecated global ## 0.4 (2012-01-19) * Features * Add global functions `extract` and `urlsplit` that use a singleton TLDExtract class instance * The global functions now take only the `url` param; instantiate your own TLDExtract to set the other 2 params * Deprecate `tldextract.urlsplit`. Client can call `urlparse.urlsplit` before calling tldextract and achieve the same functionality. * Bugfixes * Capture more errors around unpickling ## 0.3.2 (2012-01-07) * Bugfixes * Fallback if pkg_resources isn't available, like on GAE ([#4](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/pull/4)) * Update TLD snapshot from new PSL location ## 0.3.1 (2011-07-07) * Bugfixes * Fix missing resource `.tld_set_snapshot` ## 0.3 (2011-06-18) * Features * Replace regex with Public Suffix List, set-based TLD lookup * Add optional `fetch` param * Debug log the diff of `.tld_regex_snapshot` * Bugfixes * Fix viewing live TLD definitions on GAE ## 0.2 (2011-03-02) * Features * Add 'stricter' version of extract that calls `urlparse.urlsplit` on the input URL * Bugfixes * Regress to parsing IPs by regex if `socket` is unavailable * Return a `namedtuple` instead of a `dict`, mirroring the `urlparse` lib's return types ## 0.1.1 (2011-03-01) * Bugfixes * Support URLs with usernames, passwords, and ports * Support more schemes * Don't assume `http://` URLs: strip off any URL prefix resembling a scheme ## 0.1 (2011-02-27) * Initial release tldextract-5.3.1/LICENSE000066400000000000000000000027671512434166600147270ustar00rootroot00000000000000BSD 3-Clause License Copyright (c) 2013-2025, John Kurkowski All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. tldextract-5.3.1/README.md000066400000000000000000000126021512434166600151660ustar00rootroot00000000000000# tldextract [![PyPI version](https://badge.fury.io/py/tldextract.svg)](https://badge.fury.io/py/tldextract) [![Build Status](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/actions/workflows/ci.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/actions/workflows/ci.yml) `tldextract` accurately separates a URL's subdomain, domain, and public suffix, using [the Public Suffix List (PSL)](https://publicsuffix.org). **Why?** Naive URL parsing like splitting on dots fails for domains like `forums.bbc.co.uk` (gives "co" instead of "bbc"). `tldextract` handles the edge cases, so you don't have to. ## Quick Start ```python >>> import tldextract >>> tldextract.extract('http://forums.news.cnn.com/') ExtractResult(subdomain='forums.news', domain='cnn', suffix='com', is_private=False) >>> tldextract.extract('http://forums.bbc.co.uk/') ExtractResult(subdomain='forums', domain='bbc', suffix='co.uk', is_private=False) >>> # Access the parts you need >>> ext = tldextract.extract('http://forums.bbc.co.uk') >>> ext.domain 'bbc' >>> ext.top_domain_under_public_suffix 'bbc.co.uk' >>> ext.fqdn 'forums.bbc.co.uk' ``` ## Install ```zsh pip install tldextract ``` ## How-to Guides ### How to disable HTTP suffix list fetching for production ```python no_fetch_extract = tldextract.TLDExtract(suffix_list_urls=()) no_fetch_extract('http://www.google.com') ``` ### How to set a custom cache location Via environment variable: ```python export TLDEXTRACT_CACHE="/path/to/cache" ``` Or in code: ```python custom_cache_extract = tldextract.TLDExtract(cache_dir='/path/to/cache/') ``` ### How to update TLD definitions Command line: ```zsh tldextract --update ``` Or delete the cache folder: ```zsh rm -rf $HOME/.cache/python-tldextract ``` ### How to treat private domains as suffixes ```python extract = tldextract.TLDExtract(include_psl_private_domains=True) extract('waiterrant.blogspot.com') # ExtractResult(subdomain='', domain='waiterrant', suffix='blogspot.com', is_private=True) ``` ### How to use a local suffix list ```python extract = tldextract.TLDExtract( suffix_list_urls=["file:///path/to/your/list.dat"], cache_dir='/path/to/cache/', fallback_to_snapshot=False) ``` ### How to use a remote suffix list ```python extract = tldextract.TLDExtract( suffix_list_urls=["https://myserver.com/suffix-list.dat"]) ``` ### How to add extra suffixes ```python extract = tldextract.TLDExtract( extra_suffixes=["foo", "bar.baz"]) ``` ### How to validate URLs before extraction ```python from urllib.parse import urlsplit split_url = urlsplit("https://example.com:8080/path") result = tldextract.extract_urllib(split_url) ``` ## Command Line ```zsh $ tldextract http://forums.bbc.co.uk forums bbc co.uk $ tldextract --update # Update cached suffix list $ tldextract --help # See all options ``` ## Understanding Domain Parsing ### Public Suffix List `tldextract` uses the [Public Suffix List](https://publicsuffix.org), a community-maintained list of domain suffixes. The PSL contains both: - **Public suffixes**: Where anyone can register a domain (`.com`, `.co.uk`, `.org.kg`) - **Private suffixes**: Operated by companies for customer subdomains (`blogspot.com`, `github.io`) Web browsers use this same list for security decisions like cookie scoping. ### Suffix vs. TLD While `.com` is a top-level domain (TLD), many suffixes like `.co.uk` are technically second-level. The PSL uses "public suffix" to cover both. ### Default behavior with private domains By default, `tldextract` treats private suffixes as regular domains: ```python >>> tldextract.extract('waiterrant.blogspot.com') ExtractResult(subdomain='waiterrant', domain='blogspot', suffix='com', is_private=False) ``` To treat them as suffixes instead, see [How to treat private domains as suffixes](#how-to-treat-private-domains-as-suffixes). ### Caching behavior By default, `tldextract` fetches the latest Public Suffix List on first use and caches it indefinitely in `$HOME/.cache/python-tldextract`. ### URL validation `tldextract` accepts any string and is very lenient. It prioritizes ease of use over strict validation, extracting domains from any string, even partial URLs or non-URLs. ## FAQ ### Can you add/remove suffix \_\_\_\_? `tldextract` doesn't maintain the suffix list. Submit changes to [the Public Suffix List](https://publicsuffix.org/submit/). Meanwhile, use the `extra_suffixes` parameter, or fork the PSL and pass it to this library with the `suffix_list_urls` parameter. ### My suffix is in the PSL but not extracted correctly Check if it's in the "PRIVATE" section. See [How to treat private domains as suffixes](#how-to-treat-private-domains-as-suffixes). ### Why does it parse invalid URLs? See [URL validation](#url-validation) and [How to validate URLs before extraction](#how-to-validate-urls-before-extraction). ## Contribute ### Setting up 1. `git clone` this repository. 2. Change into the new directory. 3. `pip install --upgrade --editable '.[testing]'` ### Running tests ```zsh tox --parallel # Test all Python versions tox -e py311 # Test specific Python version ruff format . # Format code ``` ## History This package started from a [StackOverflow answer](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/569137/how-to-get-domain-name-from-url/569219#569219) about regex-based domain extraction. The regex approach fails for many domains, so this library switched to the Public Suffix List for accuracy. tldextract-5.3.1/pyproject.toml000066400000000000000000000044651512434166600166330ustar00rootroot00000000000000[project] name = "tldextract" authors = [{name = "John Kurkowski", email = "john.kurkowski@gmail.com"}] license = "BSD-3-Clause" license-files = ["LICENSE"] description = "Accurately separates a URL's subdomain, domain, and public suffix, using the Public Suffix List (PSL). By default, this includes the public ICANN TLDs and their exceptions. You can optionally support the Public Suffix List's private domains as well." keywords = [ "tld", "domain", "subdomain", "url", "parse", "extract", "urlparse", "urlsplit", "public", "suffix", "list", "publicsuffix", "publicsuffixlist", ] classifiers = [ "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable", "Topic :: Utilities", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.14", ] requires-python = ">=3.10" dynamic = ["version"] readme = "README.md" dependencies = [ "idna", "requests>=2.1.0", "requests-file>=1.4", "filelock>=3.0.8", ] [project.optional-dependencies] release = [ "build", "twine", ] testing = [ "mypy", "pytest", "pytest-gitignore", "pytest-mock", "responses", "ruff", "syrupy", "tox", "tox-uv", "types-filelock", "types-requests", ] [project.urls] Homepage = "https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract" [project.scripts] tldextract = "tldextract.cli:main" [build-system] requires = [ "setuptools>=80", "setuptools-scm>=8", ] build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta" [tool.setuptools] packages = ["tldextract"] include-package-data = true [tool.setuptools_scm] write_to = "tldextract/_version.py" [tool.mypy] explicit_package_bases = true strict = true [tool.pytest.ini_options] addopts = "--doctest-modules" filterwarnings = [ "ignore:The 'registered_domain' property is deprecated:DeprecationWarning:tldextract.*:" ] [tool.ruff.format] docstring-code-format = true [tool.ruff.lint] select = [ "A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "I", "N", "UP", "W", ] ignore = [ "E501", # line too long; if formatter does its job, not worried about the rare long line ] [tool.ruff.lint.pydocstyle] convention = "pep257" tldextract-5.3.1/scripts/000077500000000000000000000000001512434166600153755ustar00rootroot00000000000000tldextract-5.3.1/scripts/release.py000077500000000000000000000172231512434166600173770ustar00rootroot00000000000000""" This script automates the release process for a Python package. It will: - Add a git tag for the given version. - Remove the previous dist folder. - Create a build. - Ask the user to verify the build. - Upload the build to PyPI. - Push all git tags to the remote. - Create a draft release on GitHub using the version notes in CHANGELOG.md. Prerequisites: - This must be run from the root of the repository. - The repo must have a clean git working tree. - The user must have the `GITHUB_TOKEN` environment variable set to a GitHub personal access token with repository "Contents" read and write permission. To generate, see https://github.com/settings/personal-access-tokens - The user will need an API token for the PyPI repository, which the user will be prompted for during the upload step. The user will need to paste the token manually from a password manager or similar. To generate, see https://pypi.org/manage/account/ - The CHANGELOG.md file must already contain an entry for the version being released. - Install requirements with: `pip install --upgrade --editable '.[release]'` """ import contextlib import os import re import subprocess import sys from collections.abc import Iterator from pathlib import Path import requests @contextlib.contextmanager def add_git_tag_for_version(version: str) -> Iterator[None]: """Add a git tag for the given version.""" subprocess.run(["git", "tag", "-a", version, "-m", version], check=True) print(f"Version {version} tag added successfully.") try: yield except: subprocess.run(["git", "tag", "-d", version]) raise def remove_previous_dist() -> None: """Check for dist folder, and if it exists, remove it.""" subprocess.run(["rm", "-rf", Path("dist")], check=True) print("Previous dist folder removed successfully.") def create_build() -> None: """Create a build.""" subprocess.run(["python", "-m", "build"], check=True) print("Build created successfully.") def verify_build(is_test: str) -> None: """Verify the build. Print the archives in dist/ and ask the user to manually inspect and confirm they contain the expected files, e.g. source files and test files. """ build_files = os.listdir("dist") if len(build_files) != 2: print( "WARNING: dist folder contains incorrect number of files.", file=sys.stderr ) print("Contents of dist folder:") subprocess.run(["ls", "-l", Path("dist")], check=True) print("Contents of tar files in dist folder:") for build_file in build_files: subprocess.run(["tar", "tvf", Path("dist") / build_file], check=True) confirmation = input("Does the build look correct? (y/n): ") if confirmation == "y": print("Build verified successfully.") else: raise Exception("Could not verify. Build was not uploaded.") def generate_github_release_notes_body(token: str, version: str) -> str: """Generate and grab release notes URL from Github. Delete their first paragraph, because we track its contents in a tighter form in CHANGELOG.md. See `get_changelog_release_notes`. """ response = requests.post( "https://api.github.com/repos/john-kurkowski/tldextract/releases/generate-notes", headers={ "Accept": "application/vnd.github+json", "Authorization": f"Bearer {token}", "X-GitHub-Api-Version": "2022-11-28", }, json={"tag_name": version}, ) try: response.raise_for_status() except requests.exceptions.HTTPError as err: print( f"WARNING: Failed to generate release notes from Github: {err}", file=sys.stderr, ) return "" body = str(response.json()["body"]) paragraphs = body.split("\n\n") return "\n\n".join(paragraphs[1:]) def get_changelog_release_notes(version: str) -> str: """Get the changelog release notes. Uses a regex starting on a heading beginning with the version number literal, and matching until the next heading. Using regex to match markup is brittle. Consider a Markdown-parsing library instead. """ with open("CHANGELOG.md") as file: changelog_text = file.read() pattern = re.compile(rf"## {re.escape(version)}[^\n]*(.*?)## ", re.DOTALL) match = pattern.search(changelog_text) if match: return str(match.group(1)).strip() else: return "" def create_github_release_draft(token: str, version: str) -> None: """Create a release on GitHub.""" github_release_body = generate_github_release_notes_body(token, version) changelog_notes = get_changelog_release_notes(version) release_body = f"{changelog_notes}\n\n{github_release_body}" response = requests.post( "https://api.github.com/repos/john-kurkowski/tldextract/releases", headers={ "Accept": "application/vnd.github+json", "Authorization": f"Bearer {token}", "X-GitHub-Api-Version": "2022-11-28", }, json={ "tag_name": version, "name": version, "body": release_body, "draft": True, "prerelease": False, }, ) try: response.raise_for_status() except requests.exceptions.HTTPError as err: print( f"WARNING: Failed to create release on Github: {err}", file=sys.stderr, ) return print(f"Release created successfully: {response.json()['html_url']}") if not changelog_notes: print( "WARNING: Failed to parse changelog release notes. Manually copy this version's notes from the CHANGELOG.md file to the above URL.", file=sys.stderr, ) def upload_build_to_pypi(is_test: str) -> None: """Upload the build to PyPI.""" repository: list[str | Path] = ( [] if is_test == "n" else ["--repository", "testpypi"] ) upload_command = ["twine", "upload", *repository, Path("dist") / "*"] subprocess.run( upload_command, check=True, ) def push_git_tags() -> None: """Push all git tags to the remote.""" subprocess.run(["git", "push", "--tags", "origin", "master"], check=True) def check_for_clean_working_tree() -> None: """Check for a clean git working tree.""" git_status = subprocess.run( ["git", "status", "--porcelain"], capture_output=True, text=True ) if git_status.stdout: print( "Git working tree is not clean. Please commit or stash changes.", file=sys.stderr, ) sys.exit(1) def get_env_github_token() -> str: """Check for the GITHUB_TOKEN environment variable.""" github_token = os.environ.get("GITHUB_TOKEN") if not github_token: print("GITHUB_TOKEN environment variable not set.", file=sys.stderr) sys.exit(1) return github_token def get_is_test_response() -> str: """Ask the user if this is a test release.""" while True: is_test = input("Is this a test release? (y/n): ") if is_test in ["y", "n"]: return is_test else: print("Invalid input. Please enter 'y' or 'n.'") def main() -> None: """Run the main program.""" check_for_clean_working_tree() github_token = get_env_github_token() is_test = get_is_test_response() version_number = input("Enter the version number: ") with add_git_tag_for_version(version_number): remove_previous_dist() create_build() verify_build(is_test) upload_build_to_pypi(is_test) push_git_tags() create_github_release_draft(github_token, version_number) if __name__ == "__main__": main() tldextract-5.3.1/tests/000077500000000000000000000000001512434166600150505ustar00rootroot00000000000000tldextract-5.3.1/tests/__init__.py000066400000000000000000000000251512434166600171560ustar00rootroot00000000000000"""Package tests.""" tldextract-5.3.1/tests/__snapshots__/000077500000000000000000000000001512434166600176665ustar00rootroot00000000000000tldextract-5.3.1/tests/__snapshots__/test_release.ambr000066400000000000000000000113601512434166600232110ustar00rootroot00000000000000# serializer version: 1 # name: test_happy_path dict({ 'input': _CallList([ _Call( '', tuple( 'Is this a test release? (y/n): ', ), dict({ }), ), _Call( '', tuple( 'Enter the version number: ', ), dict({ }), ), _Call( '', tuple( 'Does the build look correct? (y/n): ', ), dict({ }), ), ]), 'listdir': _CallList([ _Call( '', tuple( 'dist', ), dict({ }), ), ]), 'requests': _CallList([ _Call( '', tuple( 'https://api.github.com/repos/john-kurkowski/tldextract/releases/generate-notes', ), dict({ 'headers': dict({ 'Accept': 'application/vnd.github+json', 'Authorization': 'Bearer fake-token', 'X-GitHub-Api-Version': '2022-11-28', }), 'json': dict({ 'tag_name': '5.0.1', }), }), ), _Call( '', tuple( 'https://api.github.com/repos/john-kurkowski/tldextract/releases', ), dict({ 'headers': dict({ 'Accept': 'application/vnd.github+json', 'Authorization': 'Bearer fake-token', 'X-GitHub-Api-Version': '2022-11-28', }), 'json': dict({ 'body': ''' * Bugfixes * Indicate MD5 not used in a security context (FIPS compliance) ([#309](https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract/issues/309)) * Misc. * Increase typecheck aggression ## New Contributors * @jdoe contributed **Full Changelog**: fake-body ''', 'draft': True, 'name': '5.0.1', 'prerelease': False, 'tag_name': '5.0.1', }), }), ), ]), 'subprocess': _CallList([ _Call( '', tuple( list([ 'git', 'status', '--porcelain', ]), ), dict({ 'capture_output': True, 'text': True, }), ), _Call( '', tuple( list([ 'git', 'tag', '-a', '5.0.1', '-m', '5.0.1', ]), ), dict({ 'check': True, }), ), _Call( '', tuple( list([ 'rm', '-rf', PosixPath('dist'), ]), ), dict({ 'check': True, }), ), _Call( '', tuple( list([ 'python', '-m', 'build', ]), ), dict({ 'check': True, }), ), _Call( '', tuple( list([ 'ls', '-l', PosixPath('dist'), ]), ), dict({ 'check': True, }), ), _Call( '', tuple( list([ 'tar', 'tvf', PosixPath('dist/archive1'), ]), ), dict({ 'check': True, }), ), _Call( '', tuple( list([ 'tar', 'tvf', PosixPath('dist/archive2'), ]), ), dict({ 'check': True, }), ), _Call( '', tuple( list([ 'tar', 'tvf', PosixPath('dist/archive3'), ]), ), dict({ 'check': True, }), ), _Call( '', tuple( list([ 'twine', 'upload', '--repository', 'testpypi', PosixPath('dist/*'), ]), ), dict({ 'check': True, }), ), _Call( '', tuple( list([ 'git', 'push', '--tags', 'origin', 'master', ]), ), dict({ 'check': True, }), ), ]), }) # --- # name: test_happy_path.1 ''' Version 5.0.1 tag added successfully. Previous dist folder removed successfully. Build created successfully. Contents of dist folder: Contents of tar files in dist folder: Build verified successfully. Release created successfully: https://github.com/path/to/release ''' # --- # name: test_happy_path.2 ''' WARNING: dist folder contains incorrect number of files. ''' # --- tldextract-5.3.1/tests/cli_test.py000066400000000000000000000047021512434166600172330ustar00rootroot00000000000000"""tldextract integration tests.""" import json import sys import pytest from tldextract.cli import main from tldextract.tldextract import PUBLIC_SUFFIX_LIST_URLS def test_cli_no_input(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None: """Test CLI without args.""" monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["tldextract"]) with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as ex: main() assert ex.value.code == 1 def test_cli_parses_args(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None: """Test CLI with nonsense args.""" monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["tldextract", "--some", "nonsense"]) with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as ex: main() assert ex.value.code == 2 def test_cli_posargs( capsys: pytest.CaptureFixture[str], monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch ) -> None: """Test CLI with basic, positional args.""" monkeypatch.setattr( sys, "argv", ["tldextract", "example.com", "bbc.co.uk", "forums.bbc.co.uk"] ) main() stdout, stderr = capsys.readouterr() assert not stderr assert stdout == " example com\n bbc co.uk\nforums bbc co.uk\n" def test_cli_namedargs( capsys: pytest.CaptureFixture[str], monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch ) -> None: """Test CLI with basic, positional args, and that it parses an optional argument (though it doesn't change output).""" monkeypatch.setattr( sys, "argv", [ "tldextract", "--suffix_list_url", PUBLIC_SUFFIX_LIST_URLS[0], "example.com", "bbc.co.uk", "forums.bbc.co.uk", ], ) main() stdout, stderr = capsys.readouterr() assert not stderr assert stdout == " example com\n bbc co.uk\nforums bbc co.uk\n" def test_cli_json_output( capsys: pytest.CaptureFixture[str], monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch ) -> None: """Test CLI with --json option.""" monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["tldextract", "--json", "www.bbc.co.uk"]) main() stdout, stderr = capsys.readouterr() assert not stderr assert json.loads(stdout) == { "domain": "bbc", "fqdn": "www.bbc.co.uk", "ipv4": "", "ipv6": "", "is_private": False, "registered_domain": "bbc.co.uk", "registry_suffix": "co.uk", "reverse_domain_name": "co.uk.bbc.www", "subdomain": "www", "suffix": "co.uk", "top_domain_under_public_suffix": "bbc.co.uk", "top_domain_under_registry_suffix": "bbc.co.uk", } tldextract-5.3.1/tests/conftest.py000066400000000000000000000006071512434166600172520ustar00rootroot00000000000000"""py.test standard config file.""" import logging import pytest import tldextract.cache @pytest.fixture(autouse=True) def reset_log_level() -> None: """Automatically reset log level verbosity between tests. Generally want test output the Unix way: silence is golden. """ tldextract.cache._DID_LOG_UNABLE_TO_CACHE = False logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.WARN) tldextract-5.3.1/tests/custom_suffix_test.py000066400000000000000000000050071512434166600213610ustar00rootroot00000000000000"""tldextract unit tests with a custom suffix list.""" import os import tempfile from pathlib import Path import tldextract from tldextract.tldextract import ExtractResult FAKE_SUFFIX_LIST_URL = Path( os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), "fixtures", "fake_suffix_list_fixture.dat", ).as_uri() EXTRA_SUFFIXES = ["foo1", "bar1", "baz1"] extract_using_fake_suffix_list = tldextract.TLDExtract( cache_dir=tempfile.mkdtemp(), suffix_list_urls=[FAKE_SUFFIX_LIST_URL] ) extract_using_fake_suffix_list_no_cache = tldextract.TLDExtract( cache_dir=None, suffix_list_urls=[FAKE_SUFFIX_LIST_URL] ) extract_using_extra_suffixes = tldextract.TLDExtract( cache_dir=None, suffix_list_urls=[FAKE_SUFFIX_LIST_URL], extra_suffixes=EXTRA_SUFFIXES, ) def test_private_extraction() -> None: """Test this library's uncached, offline, private domain extraction.""" tld = tldextract.TLDExtract(cache_dir=tempfile.mkdtemp(), suffix_list_urls=[]) assert tld("foo.blogspot.com") == ExtractResult( subdomain="foo", domain="blogspot", suffix="com", is_private=False, registry_suffix="com", ) assert tld("foo.blogspot.com", include_psl_private_domains=True) == ExtractResult( subdomain="", domain="foo", suffix="blogspot.com", is_private=True, registry_suffix="com", ) def test_suffix_which_is_not_in_custom_list() -> None: """Test a custom suffix list without .com.""" for fun in ( extract_using_fake_suffix_list, extract_using_fake_suffix_list_no_cache, ): result = fun("www.google.com") assert result.suffix == "" def test_custom_suffixes() -> None: """Test a custom suffix list with common, metasyntactic suffixes.""" for fun in ( extract_using_fake_suffix_list, extract_using_fake_suffix_list_no_cache, ): for custom_suffix in ("foo", "bar", "baz"): result = fun("www.foo.bar.baz.quux" + "." + custom_suffix) assert result.suffix == custom_suffix def test_suffix_which_is_not_in_extra_list() -> None: """Test a custom suffix list and extra suffixes without .com.""" result = extract_using_extra_suffixes("www.google.com") assert result.suffix == "" def test_extra_suffixes() -> None: """Test extra suffixes.""" for custom_suffix in EXTRA_SUFFIXES: netloc = "www.foo.bar.baz.quux" + "." + custom_suffix result = extract_using_extra_suffixes(netloc) assert result.suffix == custom_suffix tldextract-5.3.1/tests/fixtures/000077500000000000000000000000001512434166600167215ustar00rootroot00000000000000tldextract-5.3.1/tests/fixtures/fake_suffix_list_fixture.dat000066400000000000000000000000371512434166600245060ustar00rootroot00000000000000// comment foo bar baz *.co.jptldextract-5.3.1/tests/main_test.py000066400000000000000000000601051512434166600174070ustar00rootroot00000000000000"""Main tldextract unit tests.""" import logging import os import tempfile from collections.abc import Sequence from pathlib import Path from typing import Any from unittest.mock import Mock import pytest import pytest_mock import responses import tldextract import tldextract.suffix_list from tldextract.cache import DiskCache from tldextract.remote import lenient_netloc, looks_like_ip, looks_like_ipv6 from tldextract.suffix_list import SuffixListNotFound from tldextract.tldextract import ExtractResult extract = tldextract.TLDExtract(cache_dir=tempfile.mkdtemp()) extract_no_cache = tldextract.TLDExtract(cache_dir=None) extract_using_real_local_suffix_list = tldextract.TLDExtract( cache_dir=tempfile.mkdtemp() ) extract_using_real_local_suffix_list_no_cache = tldextract.TLDExtract(cache_dir=None) extract_using_fallback_to_snapshot_no_cache = tldextract.TLDExtract( cache_dir=None, suffix_list_urls=() ) def assert_extract( url: str, expected_domain_data: tuple[str, str, str, str], expected_ip_data: str = "", expected_ipv6_data: str = "", funs: Sequence[tldextract.TLDExtract] = ( extract, extract_no_cache, extract_using_real_local_suffix_list, extract_using_real_local_suffix_list_no_cache, extract_using_fallback_to_snapshot_no_cache, ), ) -> None: """Test helper to compare all expected and actual attributes of an extraction. Runs the same comparison across several permutations of tldextract instance configurations. """ ( expected_fqdn, expected_subdomain, expected_domain, expected_tld, ) = expected_domain_data for fun in funs: ext = fun(url) assert expected_fqdn == ext.fqdn assert expected_subdomain == ext.subdomain assert expected_domain == ext.domain assert expected_tld == ext.suffix assert expected_ip_data == ext.ipv4 assert expected_ipv6_data == ext.ipv6 def test_american() -> None: """Test a common suffix, .com.""" assert_extract("http://www.google.com", ("www.google.com", "www", "google", "com")) def test_british() -> None: """Test a British suffix.""" assert_extract( "http://www.theregister.co.uk", ("www.theregister.co.uk", "www", "theregister", "co.uk"), ) def test_no_subdomain() -> None: """Test no explicit subdomain.""" assert_extract("http://gmail.com", ("gmail.com", "", "gmail", "com")) def test_nested_subdomain() -> None: """Test multiple levels of subdomain.""" assert_extract( "http://media.forums.theregister.co.uk", ("media.forums.theregister.co.uk", "media.forums", "theregister", "co.uk"), ) def test_odd_but_possible() -> None: """Test an odd but possible use of the common .com suffix.""" assert_extract("http://www.www.com", ("www.www.com", "www", "www", "com")) assert_extract("http://www.com", ("www.com", "", "www", "com")) def test_suffix() -> None: """Test strings that only contain a suffix, until the point they contain more components.""" assert_extract("com", ("", "", "", "com")) assert_extract("co.uk", ("", "", "", "co.uk")) assert_extract("example.ck", ("", "", "", "example.ck")) assert_extract("www.example.ck", ("www.example.ck", "", "www", "example.ck")) assert_extract( "sub.www.example.ck", ("sub.www.example.ck", "sub", "www", "example.ck") ) assert_extract("www.ck", ("www.ck", "", "www", "ck")) assert_extract("nes.buskerud.no", ("", "", "", "nes.buskerud.no")) assert_extract("buskerud.no", ("buskerud.no", "", "buskerud", "no")) def test_local_host() -> None: """Test local hostnames, i.e. no recognized public suffix.""" assert_extract( "http://internalunlikelyhostname/", ("", "", "internalunlikelyhostname", "") ) assert_extract( "http://internalunlikelyhostname.bizarre", ("", "internalunlikelyhostname", "bizarre", ""), ) assert_extract( "http://internalunlikelyhostname.info/", ("internalunlikelyhostname.info", "", "internalunlikelyhostname", "info"), ) assert_extract( "http://internalunlikelyhostname.information/", ("", "internalunlikelyhostname", "information", ""), ) def test_lenient_netloc() -> None: """Test function to leniently extract the netloc from a URL.""" assert lenient_netloc("https://example.com.ca") == "example.com.ca" assert lenient_netloc("https://[example.com.ca]") == "[example.com.ca]" assert lenient_netloc("https://[example.com.ca]:5000") == "[example.com.ca]" assert ( lenient_netloc("https://[aBcD:ef01:2345:6789:aBcD:ef01::]:5000") == "[aBcD:ef01:2345:6789:aBcD:ef01::]" ) assert ( lenient_netloc("https://[aBcD:ef01:2345:6789:aBcD:ef01:127.0.0.1]:5000") == "[aBcD:ef01:2345:6789:aBcD:ef01:127.0.0.1]" ) assert ( lenient_netloc( "https://[aBcD:ef01:2345:6789:aBcD:ef01:127\uff0e0\u30020\uff611]:5000" ) == "[aBcD:ef01:2345:6789:aBcD:ef01:127\uff0e0\u30020\uff611]" ) def test_looks_like_ip() -> None: """Test function to check if a string looks like an IPv4 address.""" assert looks_like_ip("1.1.1.1") is True assert looks_like_ip("1.1.1.01") is False assert looks_like_ip("a.1.1.1") is False assert looks_like_ip("1.1.1.1\n") is False assert looks_like_ip("256.256.256.256") is False def test_looks_like_ipv6() -> None: """Test function to check if a string looks like an IPv6 address.""" assert looks_like_ipv6("::") is True assert looks_like_ipv6("aBcD:ef01:2345:6789:aBcD:ef01:aaaa:2288") is True assert looks_like_ipv6("aBcD:ef01:2345:6789:aBcD:ef01:127.0.0.1") is True assert looks_like_ipv6("ZBcD:ef01:2345:6789:aBcD:ef01:127.0.0.1") is False assert looks_like_ipv6("aBcD:ef01:2345:6789:aBcD:ef01:127.0.0.01") is False assert looks_like_ipv6("aBcD:ef01:2345:6789:aBcD:") is False def test_similar_to_ip() -> None: """Test strings that look like IP addresses but are not.""" assert_extract("1\xe9", ("", "", "1\xe9", "")) assert_extract("1.1.1.1\ncom", ("", "1.1.1", "1\ncom", "")) assert_extract("1.1.1.1\rcom", ("", "1.1.1", "1\rcom", "")) def test_punycode() -> None: """Test URLs with Punycode.""" assert_extract( "http://xn--h1alffa9f.xn--p1ai", ("xn--h1alffa9f.xn--p1ai", "", "xn--h1alffa9f", "xn--p1ai"), ) assert_extract( "http://xN--h1alffa9f.xn--p1ai", ("xN--h1alffa9f.xn--p1ai", "", "xN--h1alffa9f", "xn--p1ai"), ) assert_extract( "http://XN--h1alffa9f.xn--p1ai", ("XN--h1alffa9f.xn--p1ai", "", "XN--h1alffa9f", "xn--p1ai"), ) # Entries that might generate UnicodeError exception # This subdomain generates UnicodeError 'IDNA does not round-trip' assert_extract( "xn--tub-1m9d15sfkkhsifsbqygyujjrw602gk4li5qqk98aca0w.google.com", ( "xn--tub-1m9d15sfkkhsifsbqygyujjrw602gk4li5qqk98aca0w.google.com", "xn--tub-1m9d15sfkkhsifsbqygyujjrw602gk4li5qqk98aca0w", "google", "com", ), ) # This subdomain generates UnicodeError 'incomplete punycode string' assert_extract( "xn--tub-1m9d15sfkkhsifsbqygyujjrw60.google.com", ( "xn--tub-1m9d15sfkkhsifsbqygyujjrw60.google.com", "xn--tub-1m9d15sfkkhsifsbqygyujjrw60", "google", "com", ), ) def test_invalid_puny_with_puny() -> None: """Test URLs with a mix of in/valid Punycode.""" assert_extract( "http://xn--zckzap6140b352by.blog.so-net.xn--wcvs22d.hk", ( "xn--zckzap6140b352by.blog.so-net.xn--wcvs22d.hk", "xn--zckzap6140b352by.blog", "so-net", "xn--wcvs22d.hk", ), ) assert_extract( "http://xn--&.so-net.com", ("xn--&.so-net.com", "xn--&", "so-net", "com") ) def test_invalid_puny_with_nonpuny() -> None: """Test URLs with a mix of invalid Punycode and non-Punycode.""" assert_extract("xn--ß‌꫶ᢥ.com", ("xn--ß‌꫶ᢥ.com", "", "xn--ß‌꫶ᢥ", "com")) def test_puny_with_non_puny() -> None: """Test URLs with a mix of in/valid Punycode.""" assert_extract( "http://xn--zckzap6140b352by.blog.so-net.教育.hk", ( "xn--zckzap6140b352by.blog.so-net.教育.hk", "xn--zckzap6140b352by.blog", "so-net", "教育.hk", ), ) def test_idna_2008() -> None: """Test that this project relies on the IDNA library. Python's standard library supports IDNA 2003. The IDNA 3rd party library adds 2008 support for characters like ß. """ assert_extract( "xn--gieen46ers-73a.de", ("xn--gieen46ers-73a.de", "", "xn--gieen46ers-73a", "de"), ) assert_extract( "angelinablog。com.de", ("angelinablog.com.de", "angelinablog", "com", "de"), ) def test_empty() -> None: """Test an empty URL.""" assert_extract("http://", ("", "", "", "")) def test_scheme() -> None: """Test a mix of in/valid schemes.""" assert_extract("//", ("", "", "", "")) assert_extract("://", ("", "", "", "")) assert_extract("://example.com", ("", "", "", "")) assert_extract("a+-.://example.com", ("example.com", "", "example", "com")) assert_extract("a#//example.com", ("", "", "a", "")) assert_extract("a@://example.com", ("", "", "", "")) assert_extract("#//example.com", ("", "", "", "")) assert_extract( "https://mail.google.com/mail", ("mail.google.com", "mail", "google", "com") ) assert_extract( "ssh://mail.google.com/mail", ("mail.google.com", "mail", "google", "com") ) assert_extract( "//mail.google.com/mail", ("mail.google.com", "mail", "google", "com") ) assert_extract( "mail.google.com/mail", ("mail.google.com", "mail", "google", "com"), funs=(extract,), ) def test_port() -> None: """Test a URL with a port number.""" assert_extract( "git+ssh://www.github.com:8443/", ("www.github.com", "www", "github", "com") ) def test_username() -> None: """Test URLs with usernames and passwords.""" assert_extract( "ftp://johndoe:5cr1p7k1dd13@1337.warez.com:2501", ("1337.warez.com", "1337", "warez", "com"), ) assert_extract( "https://apple:pass@127.0.0.1:50/a", ("", "", "127.0.0.1", ""), expected_ip_data="127.0.0.1", ) assert_extract( "https://apple:pass@[::]:50/a", ("", "", "[::]", ""), expected_ipv6_data="::", ) assert_extract( "https://apple:pass@[aBcD:ef01:2345:6789:aBcD:ef01:127.0.0.1]:50/a", ("", "", "[aBcD:ef01:2345:6789:aBcD:ef01:127.0.0.1]", ""), expected_ipv6_data="aBcD:ef01:2345:6789:aBcD:ef01:127.0.0.1", ) def test_query_fragment() -> None: """Test URLs with query strings and fragments.""" assert_extract("http://google.com?q=cats", ("google.com", "", "google", "com")) assert_extract("http://google.com#Welcome", ("google.com", "", "google", "com")) assert_extract("http://google.com/#Welcome", ("google.com", "", "google", "com")) assert_extract("http://google.com/s#Welcome", ("google.com", "", "google", "com")) assert_extract( "http://google.com/s?q=cats#Welcome", ("google.com", "", "google", "com") ) def test_order() -> None: """Test that a more-specific suffix is preferred.""" assert_extract( "http://www.parliament.uk", ("www.parliament.uk", "www", "parliament", "uk") ) assert_extract( "http://www.parliament.co.uk", ("www.parliament.co.uk", "www", "parliament", "co.uk"), ) def test_no_1st_level_tld() -> None: """Test a suffix without a first level, .za.""" assert_extract("za", ("", "", "za", "")) assert_extract("example.za", ("", "example", "za", "")) assert_extract("co.za", ("", "", "", "co.za")) assert_extract("example.co.za", ("example.co.za", "", "example", "co.za")) assert_extract( "sub.example.co.za", ("sub.example.co.za", "sub", "example", "co.za") ) def test_dns_root_label() -> None: """Test handling a fully qualified domain name, i.e. a DNS root label, i.e. a trailing dot.""" assert_extract( "http://www.example.com./", ("www.example.com", "www", "example", "com") ) assert_extract( "http://www.example.com\u3002/", ("www.example.com", "www", "example", "com") ) assert_extract( "http://www.example.com\uff0e/", ("www.example.com", "www", "example", "com") ) assert_extract( "http://www.example.com\uff61/", ("www.example.com", "www", "example", "com") ) def test_top_domain_under_public_suffix() -> None: """Test property `top_domain_under_public_suffix`.""" assert ( tldextract.extract( "http://www.example.auth.us-east-1.amazoncognito.com", include_psl_private_domains=False, ).top_domain_under_public_suffix == "amazoncognito.com" ) assert ( tldextract.extract( "http://www.example.auth.us-east-1.amazoncognito.com", include_psl_private_domains=True, ).top_domain_under_public_suffix == "example.auth.us-east-1.amazoncognito.com" ) def test_top_domain_under_registry_suffix() -> None: """Test property `top_domain_under_registry_suffix`.""" assert ( tldextract.extract( "http://www.example.auth.us-east-1.amazoncognito.com", include_psl_private_domains=False, ).top_domain_under_registry_suffix == "amazoncognito.com" ) assert ( tldextract.extract( "http://www.example.auth.us-east-1.amazoncognito.com", include_psl_private_domains=True, ).top_domain_under_registry_suffix == "amazoncognito.com" ) def test_ipv4() -> None: """Test IPv4 addresses.""" assert_extract( "http://216.22.0.192/", ("", "", "216.22.0.192", ""), expected_ip_data="216.22.0.192", ) assert_extract( "http://216.22.project.coop/", ("216.22.project.coop", "216.22", "project", "coop"), ) assert_extract( "http://127.0.0.1/foo/bar", ("", "", "127.0.0.1", ""), expected_ip_data="127.0.0.1", ) assert_extract( "http://127\u30020\uff0e0\uff611/foo/bar", ("", "", "127.0.0.1", ""), expected_ip_data="127.0.0.1", ) def test_ipv4_lookalike() -> None: """Test what looks like an IPv4 address, but isn't.""" assert_extract( "http://256.256.256.256/foo/bar", ("", "256.256.256", "256", ""), expected_ip_data="", ) assert_extract( "http://127.0.0/foo/bar", ("", "127.0", "0", ""), expected_ip_data="" ) assert_extract( "http://127.0.0.0x1/foo/bar", ("", "127.0.0", "0x1", ""), expected_ip_data="" ) assert_extract( "http://127.0.0.1.9/foo/bar", ("", "127.0.0.1", "9", ""), expected_ip_data="" ) def test_reverse_domain_name_notation() -> None: """Test property `reverse_domain_name`.""" assert ( tldextract.extract("www.example.com").reverse_domain_name == "com.example.www" ) assert ( tldextract.extract("www.theregister.co.uk").reverse_domain_name == "co.uk.theregister.www" ) assert tldextract.extract("example.com").reverse_domain_name == "com.example" assert ( tldextract.extract("theregister.co.uk").reverse_domain_name == "co.uk.theregister" ) assert ( tldextract.extract("media.forums.theregister.co.uk").reverse_domain_name == "co.uk.theregister.forums.media" ) assert ( tldextract.extract( "foo.uk.com", include_psl_private_domains=False ).reverse_domain_name == "com.uk.foo" ) assert ( tldextract.extract( "foo.uk.com", include_psl_private_domains=True ).reverse_domain_name == "uk.com.foo" ) def test_bad_kwargs_no_way_to_fetch() -> None: """Test an impossible combination of kwargs that disable all ways to fetch data.""" with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="disable all ways"): tldextract.TLDExtract( cache_dir=None, suffix_list_urls=(), fallback_to_snapshot=False ) def test_cache_permission( mocker: pytest_mock.MockerFixture, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path ) -> None: """Emit a warning once when the library can't cache the latest PSL.""" warning = mocker.patch.object(logging.getLogger("tldextract.cache"), "warning") def no_permission_makedirs(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None: raise PermissionError( """[Errno 13] Permission denied: '/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/tldextract/.suffix_cache""" ) monkeypatch.setattr(os, "makedirs", no_permission_makedirs) for _ in range(0, 2): my_extract = tldextract.TLDExtract(cache_dir=str(tmp_path)) assert_extract( "http://www.google.com", ("www.google.com", "www", "google", "com"), funs=(my_extract,), ) assert warning.call_count == 1 assert warning.call_args[0][0].startswith("unable to cache") @responses.activate def test_cache_timeouts(tmp_path: Path) -> None: """Test error raised when all upstream servers time out.""" server = "http://some-server.com" responses.add(responses.GET, server, status=408) cache = DiskCache(str(tmp_path)) with pytest.raises(SuffixListNotFound): tldextract.suffix_list.find_first_response(cache, [server], 5) @responses.activate def test_find_first_response_without_session(tmp_path: Path) -> None: """Test it is able to find first response without session passed in.""" server = "http://some-server.com" response_text = "server response" responses.add(responses.GET, server, status=200, body=response_text) cache = DiskCache(str(tmp_path)) result = tldextract.suffix_list.find_first_response(cache, [server], 5) assert result == response_text def test_find_first_response_with_session(tmp_path: Path) -> None: """Test it is able to find first response with passed in session.""" server = "http://some-server.com" response_text = "server response" cache = DiskCache(str(tmp_path)) mock_session = Mock() mock_session.get.return_value.text = response_text result = tldextract.suffix_list.find_first_response( cache, [server], 5, mock_session ) assert result == response_text mock_session.get.assert_called_once_with(server, timeout=5) mock_session.close.assert_not_called() def test_include_psl_private_domain_attr() -> None: """Test private domains, which default to not being treated differently.""" extract_private = tldextract.TLDExtract(include_psl_private_domains=True) extract_public1 = tldextract.TLDExtract() extract_public2 = tldextract.TLDExtract(include_psl_private_domains=False) assert extract_private("foo.uk.com") == ExtractResult( subdomain="", domain="foo", suffix="uk.com", is_private=True, registry_suffix="com", ) assert ( extract_public1("foo.uk.com") == extract_public2("foo.uk.com") == ExtractResult( subdomain="foo", domain="uk", suffix="com", is_private=False, registry_suffix="com", ) ) def test_tlds_property() -> None: """Test the set of suffixes when private domain extraction is un/set.""" extract_private = tldextract.TLDExtract( cache_dir=None, suffix_list_urls=(), include_psl_private_domains=True ) extract_public = tldextract.TLDExtract( cache_dir=None, suffix_list_urls=(), include_psl_private_domains=False ) assert len(extract_private.tlds) > len(extract_public.tlds) def test_global_extract() -> None: """Test the global, singleton, convenience interface for this library. Instead of constructing an instance, test that the global function exists and respects flags. """ assert tldextract.extract( "blogspot.com", include_psl_private_domains=True ) == ExtractResult( subdomain="", domain="", suffix="blogspot.com", is_private=True, registry_suffix="com", ) assert tldextract.extract( "foo.blogspot.com", include_psl_private_domains=True ) == ExtractResult( subdomain="", domain="foo", suffix="blogspot.com", is_private=True, registry_suffix="com", ) def test_private_domains_depth() -> None: """Test private domains of various depths that may also contain other private domains. Test how the extractions are honored with private domain extraction un/set. """ assert tldextract.extract( "the-quick-brown-fox.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com", include_psl_private_domains=True ) == ExtractResult( subdomain="the-quick-brown-fox.ap-south-1", domain="amazonaws", suffix="com", is_private=False, registry_suffix="com", ) assert tldextract.extract( "ap-south-1.amazonaws.com", include_psl_private_domains=True ) == ExtractResult( subdomain="ap-south-1", domain="amazonaws", suffix="com", is_private=False, registry_suffix="com", ) assert tldextract.extract( "amazonaws.com", include_psl_private_domains=True ) == ExtractResult( subdomain="", domain="amazonaws", suffix="com", is_private=False, registry_suffix="com", ) assert tldextract.extract( "the-quick-brown-fox.cn-north-1.amazonaws.com.cn", include_psl_private_domains=True, ) == ExtractResult( subdomain="the-quick-brown-fox.cn-north-1", domain="amazonaws", suffix="com.cn", is_private=False, registry_suffix="com.cn", ) assert tldextract.extract( "cn-north-1.amazonaws.com.cn", include_psl_private_domains=True ) == ExtractResult( subdomain="cn-north-1", domain="amazonaws", suffix="com.cn", is_private=False, registry_suffix="com.cn", ) assert tldextract.extract( "amazonaws.com.cn", include_psl_private_domains=True ) == ExtractResult( subdomain="", domain="amazonaws", suffix="com.cn", is_private=False, registry_suffix="com.cn", ) assert tldextract.extract( "another.icann.compute.amazonaws.com", include_psl_private_domains=True ) == ExtractResult( subdomain="", domain="another", suffix="icann.compute.amazonaws.com", is_private=True, registry_suffix="com", ) assert tldextract.extract( "another.s3.dualstack.us-east-1.amazonaws.com", include_psl_private_domains=True ) == ExtractResult( subdomain="", domain="another", suffix="s3.dualstack.us-east-1.amazonaws.com", is_private=True, registry_suffix="com", ) assert tldextract.extract( "s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com", include_psl_private_domains=True ) == ExtractResult( subdomain="", domain="", suffix="s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com", is_private=True, registry_suffix="com", ) assert tldextract.extract( "s3.cn-north-1.amazonaws.com.cn", include_psl_private_domains=True ) == ExtractResult( subdomain="", domain="", suffix="s3.cn-north-1.amazonaws.com.cn", is_private=True, registry_suffix="com.cn", ) assert tldextract.extract( "icann.compute.amazonaws.com", include_psl_private_domains=True ) == ExtractResult( subdomain="", domain="", suffix="icann.compute.amazonaws.com", is_private=True, registry_suffix="com", ) # Entire URL is private suffix which ends with another private suffix # i.e. "s3.dualstack.us-east-1.amazonaws.com" ends with "us-east-1.amazonaws.com" assert tldextract.extract( "s3.dualstack.us-east-1.amazonaws.com", include_psl_private_domains=True ) == ExtractResult( subdomain="", domain="", suffix="s3.dualstack.us-east-1.amazonaws.com", is_private=True, registry_suffix="com", ) tldextract-5.3.1/tests/test_cache.py000066400000000000000000000075101512434166600175270ustar00rootroot00000000000000"""Test the caching functionality.""" import sys import types from collections.abc import Hashable from pathlib import Path from typing import Any, cast from unittest.mock import Mock import pytest import tldextract.cache from tldextract.cache import DiskCache, get_cache_dir, get_pkg_unique_identifier def test_disk_cache(tmp_path: Path) -> None: """Test DiskCache class basic use.""" cache = DiskCache(str(tmp_path)) cache.set("testing", "foo", "bar") assert cache.get("testing", "foo") == "bar" cache.clear() with pytest.raises(KeyError): cache.get("testing", "foo") cache.set("testing", "foo", "baz") assert cache.get("testing", "foo") == "baz" def test_get_pkg_unique_identifier(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None: """Test generating a unique identifier for the version of this package.""" monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "version_info", (3, 10, 1, "final", 0)) monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "prefix", "/home/john/.pyenv/versions/myvirtualenv") mock_version_module = types.ModuleType("tldextract._version", "mocked module") cast(Any, mock_version_module).version = "1.2.3" monkeypatch.setitem(sys.modules, "tldextract._version", mock_version_module) assert ( get_pkg_unique_identifier() == "3.10.1.final__myvirtualenv__f01a7b__tldextract-1.2.3" ) def test_get_cache_dir(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None: """Test finding the cache directory.""" pkg_identifier = "3.10.1.final__myvirtualenv__f01a7b__tldextract-1.2.3" monkeypatch.setattr( tldextract.cache, "get_pkg_unique_identifier", lambda: pkg_identifier ) # with no HOME set, fallback to attempting to use package directory itself monkeypatch.delenv("HOME", raising=False) monkeypatch.delenv("XDG_CACHE_HOME", raising=False) monkeypatch.delenv("TLDEXTRACT_CACHE", raising=False) assert get_cache_dir().endswith(str(Path("tldextract", ".suffix_cache"))) # with home set, but not anything else specified, use XDG_CACHE_HOME default monkeypatch.setenv("HOME", "/home/john") monkeypatch.delenv("XDG_CACHE_HOME", raising=False) monkeypatch.delenv("TLDEXTRACT_CACHE", raising=False) assert get_cache_dir() == str( Path("/home/john", ".cache/python-tldextract", pkg_identifier) ) # if XDG_CACHE_HOME is set, use it monkeypatch.setenv("HOME", "/home/john") monkeypatch.setenv("XDG_CACHE_HOME", "/my/alt/cache") monkeypatch.delenv("TLDEXTRACT_CACHE", raising=False) assert get_cache_dir() == str( Path("/my/alt/cache/python-tldextract", pkg_identifier) ) # if TLDEXTRACT_CACHE is set, use it monkeypatch.setenv("HOME", "/home/john") monkeypatch.setenv("XDG_CACHE_HOME", "/my/alt/cache") monkeypatch.setenv("TLDEXTRACT_CACHE", "/alt-tld-cache") assert get_cache_dir() == "/alt-tld-cache" def test_run_and_cache(tmp_path: Path) -> None: """Test cache hits and misses. Repeated cache requests with the same arguments should hit the cache and not increment the call count of the underlying function. """ cache = DiskCache(str(tmp_path)) return_value1 = "unique return value" some_fn = Mock(return_value=return_value1) kwargs1: dict[str, Hashable] = {"value": 1} assert some_fn.call_count == 0 call1 = cache.run_and_cache(some_fn, "test_namespace", kwargs1, kwargs1.keys()) assert call1 == return_value1 assert some_fn.call_count == 1 call2 = cache.run_and_cache(some_fn, "test_namespace", kwargs1, kwargs1.keys()) assert call2 == return_value1 assert some_fn.call_count == 1 kwargs2: dict[str, Hashable] = {"value": 2} return_value2 = "another return value" some_fn.return_value = return_value2 call3 = cache.run_and_cache(some_fn, "test_namespace", kwargs2, kwargs2.keys()) assert call3 == return_value2 assert some_fn.call_count == 2 tldextract-5.3.1/tests/test_parallel.py000066400000000000000000000035301512434166600202560ustar00rootroot00000000000000"""Test ability to run in parallel with shared cache.""" import os from multiprocessing import Pool from pathlib import Path import pytest import responses from tldextract import TLDExtract from tldextract.tldextract import PUBLIC_SUFFIX_LIST_URLS def test_multiprocessing_makes_one_request(tmp_path: Path) -> None: """Ensure there aren't duplicate download requests.""" process_count = 3 with Pool(processes=process_count) as pool: http_request_counts = pool.map(_run_extractor, [tmp_path] * process_count) assert sum(http_request_counts) == 1 def _run_extractor(cache_dir: Path) -> int: """Run the extractor.""" with responses.RequestsMock(assert_all_requests_are_fired=False) as rsps: rsps.add(responses.GET, PUBLIC_SUFFIX_LIST_URLS[0], status=208, body="uk.co") extract = TLDExtract(cache_dir=str(cache_dir)) extract("bar.uk.com", include_psl_private_domains=True) num_calls = len(rsps.calls) return num_calls @responses.activate def test_cache_cleared_by_other_process( tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch ) -> None: """Simulate a file being deleted after we check for existence but before we try to delete it.""" responses.add(responses.GET, PUBLIC_SUFFIX_LIST_URLS[0], status=208, body="uk.com") cache_dir = str(tmp_path) extract = TLDExtract(cache_dir=cache_dir) extract("google.com") orig_unlink = os.unlink def evil_unlink(filename: str | Path) -> None: """Simulate someone deletes the file right before we try to.""" if (isinstance(filename, str) and filename.startswith(cache_dir)) or ( isinstance(filename, Path) and filename.is_relative_to(cache_dir) ): orig_unlink(filename) orig_unlink(filename) monkeypatch.setattr(os, "unlink", evil_unlink) extract.update(fetch_now=True) tldextract-5.3.1/tests/test_release.py000066400000000000000000000052461512434166600201100ustar00rootroot00000000000000"""Test the library maintainer release script.""" import dataclasses import sys from collections.abc import Iterator from typing import Any from unittest import mock import pytest from syrupy.assertion import SnapshotAssertion from scripts import release @dataclasses.dataclass class Mocks: """Collection of all mocked objects used in the release script.""" input: mock.Mock listdir: mock.Mock requests: mock.Mock subprocess: mock.Mock @property def mock_calls(self) -> dict[str, Any]: """A dict of _all_ calls to this class's mock objects.""" return { k.name: getattr(self, k.name).mock_calls for k in dataclasses.fields(self) } @pytest.fixture def mocks() -> Iterator[Mocks]: """Stub network and subprocesses.""" with ( mock.patch("builtins.input") as mock_input, mock.patch("os.listdir") as mock_listdir, mock.patch("requests.post") as mock_requests, mock.patch("subprocess.run") as mock_subprocess, ): yield Mocks( input=mock_input, listdir=mock_listdir, requests=mock_requests, subprocess=mock_subprocess, ) @pytest.mark.skipif( sys.platform == "win32", reason="Snapshot paths are different on Windows" ) def test_happy_path( capsys: pytest.CaptureFixture[str], mocks: Mocks, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, snapshot: SnapshotAssertion, ) -> None: """Test the release script happy path. Simulate user input for a typical, existing release. This one test case covers most lines of the release script, without actually making network requests or running subprocesses. For an infrequently used script, this coverage is useful without being too brittle to change. """ monkeypatch.setenv("GITHUB_TOKEN", "fake-token") mocks.input.side_effect = ["y", "5.0.1", "y"] mocks.listdir.return_value = ["archive1", "archive2", "archive3"] def mock_post(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> mock.Mock: """Return _one_ response JSON that happens to match expectations for multiple requests.""" return mock.Mock( json=mock.Mock( return_value={ "body": "## What's Changed\nGitHub changelog here\n\n## New Contributors\n* @jdoe contributed\n\n**Full Changelog**: fake-body", "html_url": "https://github.com/path/to/release", } ), ) mocks.requests.side_effect = mock_post mocks.subprocess.return_value.stdout = "" release.main() out, err = capsys.readouterr() assert mocks.mock_calls == snapshot assert out == snapshot assert err == snapshot tldextract-5.3.1/tests/test_trie.py000066400000000000000000000026671512434166600174370ustar00rootroot00000000000000"""Trie tests.""" from itertools import permutations from tldextract.tldextract import Trie def test_nested_dict() -> None: """Test Trie class, built from a list of dot-delimited strings.""" suffixes = ["a", "d.a", "b.a", "c.b.a", "c", "b.c", "f.d"] for suffixes_sequence in permutations(suffixes): trie = Trie() for suffix in suffixes_sequence: trie.add_suffix(suffix) # check each nested value # Top level c assert "c" in trie.matches top_c = trie.matches["c"] assert len(top_c.matches) == 1 assert "b" in top_c.matches assert top_c.end # Top level a assert "a" in trie.matches top_a = trie.matches["a"] assert len(top_a.matches) == 2 # a -> d assert "d" in top_a.matches a_to_d = top_a.matches["d"] assert not a_to_d.matches # a -> b assert "b" in top_a.matches a_to_b = top_a.matches["b"] assert a_to_b.end assert len(a_to_b.matches) == 1 # a -> b -> c assert "c" in a_to_b.matches a_to_b_to_c = a_to_b.matches["c"] assert not a_to_b_to_c.matches assert top_a.end # d -> f assert "d" in trie.matches top_d = trie.matches["d"] assert not top_d.end assert "f" in top_d.matches d_to_f = top_d.matches["f"] assert d_to_f.end assert not d_to_f.matches tldextract-5.3.1/tldextract/000077500000000000000000000000001512434166600160645ustar00rootroot00000000000000tldextract-5.3.1/tldextract/.tld_set_snapshot000066400000000000000000011561651512434166600214610ustar00rootroot00000000000000// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public // License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this // file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. // Please pull this list from, and only from https://publicsuffix.org/list/public_suffix_list.dat, // rather than any other VCS sites. Pulling from any other URL is not guaranteed to be supported. // VERSION: 2025-04-07_15-51-09_UTC // COMMIT: 5fc8d12c1624ddbc56a80e944aca151a8ee466a1 // Instructions on pulling and using this list can be found at https://publicsuffix.org/list/. // ===BEGIN ICANN DOMAINS=== // ac : http://nic.ac/rules.htm ac com.ac edu.ac gov.ac mil.ac net.ac org.ac // ad : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ad.html // Confirmed by Amadeu Abril i Abril (CORE) 2024-11-17 ad // ae : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ae.html ae ac.ae co.ae gov.ae mil.ae net.ae org.ae sch.ae // aero : https://information.aero/registration/policies/dmp aero // 2LDs airline.aero airport.aero // 2LDs (currently not accepting registration, seemingly never have) // As of 2024-07, these are marked as reserved for potential 3LD // registrations (clause 11 "allocated subdomains" in the 2006 TLD // policy), but the relevant industry partners have not opened them up // for registration. Current status can be determined from the TLD's // policy document: 2LDs that are open for registration must list // their policy in the TLD's policy. Any 2LD without such a policy is // not open for registrations. accident-investigation.aero accident-prevention.aero aerobatic.aero aeroclub.aero aerodrome.aero agents.aero air-surveillance.aero air-traffic-control.aero aircraft.aero airtraffic.aero ambulance.aero association.aero author.aero ballooning.aero broker.aero caa.aero cargo.aero catering.aero certification.aero championship.aero charter.aero civilaviation.aero club.aero conference.aero consultant.aero consulting.aero control.aero council.aero crew.aero design.aero dgca.aero educator.aero emergency.aero engine.aero engineer.aero entertainment.aero equipment.aero exchange.aero express.aero federation.aero flight.aero freight.aero fuel.aero gliding.aero government.aero groundhandling.aero group.aero hanggliding.aero homebuilt.aero insurance.aero journal.aero journalist.aero leasing.aero logistics.aero magazine.aero maintenance.aero marketplace.aero media.aero microlight.aero modelling.aero navigation.aero parachuting.aero paragliding.aero passenger-association.aero pilot.aero press.aero production.aero recreation.aero repbody.aero res.aero research.aero rotorcraft.aero safety.aero scientist.aero services.aero show.aero skydiving.aero software.aero student.aero taxi.aero trader.aero trading.aero trainer.aero union.aero workinggroup.aero works.aero // af : https://www.nic.af/domain-price af com.af edu.af gov.af net.af org.af // ag : http://www.nic.ag/prices.htm ag co.ag com.ag net.ag nom.ag org.ag // ai : http://nic.com.ai/ ai com.ai net.ai off.ai org.ai // al : http://www.ert.gov.al/ert_alb/faq_det.html?Id=31 al com.al edu.al gov.al mil.al net.al org.al // am : https://www.amnic.net/policy/en/Policy_EN.pdf // Confirmed by ISOC AM 2024-11-18 am co.am com.am commune.am net.am org.am // ao : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ao.html // https://www.dns.ao/ao/ ao co.ao ed.ao edu.ao gov.ao gv.ao it.ao og.ao org.ao pb.ao // aq : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/aq.html aq // ar : https://nic.ar/es/nic-argentina/normativa ar bet.ar com.ar coop.ar edu.ar gob.ar gov.ar int.ar mil.ar musica.ar mutual.ar net.ar org.ar senasa.ar tur.ar // arpa : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/arpa.html // Confirmed by registry 2008-06-18 arpa e164.arpa home.arpa in-addr.arpa ip6.arpa iris.arpa uri.arpa urn.arpa // as : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/as.html as gov.as // asia : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/asia.html asia // at : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/at.html // Confirmed by registry 2008-06-17 at ac.at sth.ac.at co.at gv.at or.at // au : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/au.html // https://www.auda.org.au/ // Confirmed by registry 2024-11-17 au // 2LDs asn.au com.au edu.au gov.au id.au net.au org.au // Historic 2LDs (closed to new registration, but sites still exist) conf.au oz.au // CGDNs : https://www.auda.org.au/au-domain-names/the-different-au-domain-names/state-and-territory-domain-names/ act.au nsw.au nt.au qld.au sa.au tas.au vic.au wa.au // 3LDs act.edu.au catholic.edu.au // eq.edu.au - Removed at the request of the Queensland Department of Education nsw.edu.au nt.edu.au qld.edu.au sa.edu.au tas.edu.au vic.edu.au wa.edu.au // act.gov.au - Bug 984824 - Removed at request of Greg Tankard // nsw.gov.au - Bug 547985 - Removed at request of // nt.gov.au - Bug 940478 - Removed at request of Greg Connors qld.gov.au sa.gov.au tas.gov.au vic.gov.au wa.gov.au // 4LDs // education.tas.edu.au - Removed at the request of the Department of Education Tasmania schools.nsw.edu.au // aw : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/aw.html aw com.aw // ax : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ax.html ax // az : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/az.html // Confirmed via https://whois.az/?page_id=10 2024-12-11 az biz.az co.az com.az edu.az gov.az info.az int.az mil.az name.az net.az org.az pp.az // No longer available for registration, however domains exist as of 2024-12-11 // see https://whois.az/?page_id=783 pro.az // ba : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ba.html ba com.ba edu.ba gov.ba mil.ba net.ba org.ba // bb : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bb.html bb biz.bb co.bb com.bb edu.bb gov.bb info.bb net.bb org.bb store.bb tv.bb // bd : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bd.html *.bd // be : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/be.html // Confirmed by registry 2008-06-08 be ac.be // bf : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bf.html bf gov.bf // bg : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bg.html // https://www.register.bg/user/static/rules/en/index.html bg 0.bg 1.bg 2.bg 3.bg 4.bg 5.bg 6.bg 7.bg 8.bg 9.bg a.bg b.bg c.bg d.bg e.bg f.bg g.bg h.bg i.bg j.bg k.bg l.bg m.bg n.bg o.bg p.bg q.bg r.bg s.bg t.bg u.bg v.bg w.bg x.bg y.bg z.bg // bh : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bh.html bh com.bh edu.bh gov.bh net.bh org.bh // bi : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bi.html // http://whois.nic.bi/ bi co.bi com.bi edu.bi or.bi org.bi // biz : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/biz.html biz // bj : https://nic.bj/bj-suffixes.txt // Submitted by registry bj africa.bj agro.bj architectes.bj assur.bj avocats.bj co.bj com.bj eco.bj econo.bj edu.bj info.bj loisirs.bj money.bj net.bj org.bj ote.bj restaurant.bj resto.bj tourism.bj univ.bj // bm : https://www.bermudanic.bm/domain-registration/index.php bm com.bm edu.bm gov.bm net.bm org.bm // bn : http://www.bnnic.bn/faqs bn com.bn edu.bn gov.bn net.bn org.bn // bo : https://nic.bo // Confirmed by registry 2024-11-19 bo com.bo edu.bo gob.bo int.bo mil.bo net.bo org.bo tv.bo web.bo // Social Domains academia.bo agro.bo arte.bo blog.bo bolivia.bo ciencia.bo cooperativa.bo democracia.bo deporte.bo ecologia.bo economia.bo empresa.bo indigena.bo industria.bo info.bo medicina.bo movimiento.bo musica.bo natural.bo nombre.bo noticias.bo patria.bo plurinacional.bo politica.bo profesional.bo pueblo.bo revista.bo salud.bo tecnologia.bo tksat.bo transporte.bo wiki.bo // br : http://registro.br/dominio/categoria.html // Submitted by registry br 9guacu.br abc.br adm.br adv.br agr.br aju.br am.br anani.br aparecida.br app.br arq.br art.br ato.br b.br barueri.br belem.br bet.br bhz.br bib.br bio.br blog.br bmd.br boavista.br bsb.br campinagrande.br campinas.br caxias.br cim.br cng.br cnt.br com.br contagem.br coop.br coz.br cri.br cuiaba.br curitiba.br def.br des.br det.br dev.br ecn.br eco.br edu.br emp.br enf.br eng.br esp.br etc.br eti.br far.br feira.br flog.br floripa.br fm.br fnd.br fortal.br fot.br foz.br fst.br g12.br geo.br ggf.br goiania.br gov.br // gov.br 26 states + df https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Brazil ac.gov.br al.gov.br am.gov.br ap.gov.br ba.gov.br ce.gov.br df.gov.br es.gov.br go.gov.br ma.gov.br mg.gov.br ms.gov.br mt.gov.br pa.gov.br pb.gov.br pe.gov.br pi.gov.br pr.gov.br rj.gov.br rn.gov.br ro.gov.br rr.gov.br rs.gov.br sc.gov.br se.gov.br sp.gov.br to.gov.br gru.br imb.br ind.br inf.br jab.br jampa.br jdf.br joinville.br jor.br jus.br leg.br leilao.br lel.br log.br londrina.br macapa.br maceio.br manaus.br maringa.br mat.br med.br mil.br morena.br mp.br mus.br natal.br net.br niteroi.br *.nom.br not.br ntr.br odo.br ong.br org.br osasco.br palmas.br poa.br ppg.br pro.br psc.br psi.br pvh.br qsl.br radio.br rec.br recife.br rep.br ribeirao.br rio.br riobranco.br riopreto.br salvador.br sampa.br santamaria.br santoandre.br saobernardo.br saogonca.br seg.br sjc.br slg.br slz.br sorocaba.br srv.br taxi.br tc.br tec.br teo.br the.br tmp.br trd.br tur.br tv.br udi.br vet.br vix.br vlog.br wiki.br zlg.br // bs : http://www.nic.bs/rules.html bs com.bs edu.bs gov.bs net.bs org.bs // bt : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bt.html bt com.bt edu.bt gov.bt net.bt org.bt // bv : No registrations at this time. // Submitted by registry bv // bw : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bw.html // https://nic.net.bw/bw-name-structure bw ac.bw co.bw gov.bw net.bw org.bw // by : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/by.html // http://tld.by/rules_2006_en.html // list of other 2nd level tlds ? by gov.by mil.by // Official information does not indicate that com.by is a reserved // second-level domain, but it's being used as one (see www.google.com.by and // www.yahoo.com.by, for example), so we list it here for safety's sake. com.by // http://hoster.by/ of.by // bz : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bz.html // http://www.belizenic.bz/ bz co.bz com.bz edu.bz gov.bz net.bz org.bz // ca : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ca.html ca // ca geographical names ab.ca bc.ca mb.ca nb.ca nf.ca nl.ca ns.ca nt.ca nu.ca on.ca pe.ca qc.ca sk.ca yk.ca // gc.ca: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gc.ca // see also: http://registry.gc.ca/en/SubdomainFAQ gc.ca // cat : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cat.html cat // cc : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cc.html cc // cd : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cd.html // https://www.nic.cd cd gov.cd // cf : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cf.html cf // cg : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cg.html cg // ch : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ch.html ch // ci : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ci.html ci ac.ci aéroport.ci asso.ci co.ci com.ci ed.ci edu.ci go.ci gouv.ci int.ci net.ci or.ci org.ci // ck : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ck.html *.ck !www.ck // cl : https://www.nic.cl // Confirmed by .CL registry cl co.cl gob.cl gov.cl mil.cl // cm : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cm.html plus bug 981927 cm co.cm com.cm gov.cm net.cm // cn : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cn.html // Submitted by registry cn ac.cn com.cn edu.cn gov.cn mil.cn net.cn org.cn 公司.cn 網絡.cn 网络.cn // cn geographic names ah.cn bj.cn cq.cn fj.cn gd.cn gs.cn gx.cn gz.cn ha.cn hb.cn he.cn hi.cn hk.cn hl.cn hn.cn jl.cn js.cn jx.cn ln.cn mo.cn nm.cn nx.cn qh.cn sc.cn sd.cn sh.cn sn.cn sx.cn tj.cn tw.cn xj.cn xz.cn yn.cn zj.cn // co : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/co.html // https://www.cointernet.com.co/como-funciona-un-dominio-restringido // Confirmed by registry 2024-11-18 co com.co edu.co gov.co mil.co net.co nom.co org.co // com : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/com.html com // coop : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/coop.html coop // cr : https://nic.cr/capitulo-1-registro-de-un-nombre-de-dominio/ cr ac.cr co.cr ed.cr fi.cr go.cr or.cr sa.cr // cu : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cu.html cu com.cu edu.cu gob.cu inf.cu nat.cu net.cu org.cu // cv : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cv.html // https://ola.cv/domain-extensions-under-cv/ // Confirmed by registry 2024-11-26 cv com.cv edu.cv id.cv int.cv net.cv nome.cv org.cv publ.cv // cw : https://www.uoc.cw/cw-registry // Confirmed by registry 2024-11-19 cw com.cw edu.cw net.cw org.cw // cx : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cx.html // list of other 2nd level tlds ? cx gov.cx // cy : http://www.nic.cy/ // Submitted by Panayiotou Fotia // https://nic.cy/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Create-Request-for-domain-name-registration-1.pdf cy ac.cy biz.cy com.cy ekloges.cy gov.cy ltd.cy mil.cy net.cy org.cy press.cy pro.cy tm.cy // cz : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cz.html cz // de : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/de.html // Confirmed by registry (with technical // reservations) 2008-07-01 de // dj : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dj.html dj // dk : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dk.html // Confirmed by registry 2008-06-17 dk // dm : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dm.html // https://nic.dm/policies/pdf/DMRulesandGuidelines2024v1.pdf // Confirmed by registry 2024-11-19 dm co.dm com.dm edu.dm gov.dm net.dm org.dm // do : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/do.html do art.do com.do edu.do gob.do gov.do mil.do net.do org.do sld.do web.do // dz : http://www.nic.dz/images/pdf_nic/charte.pdf dz art.dz asso.dz com.dz edu.dz gov.dz net.dz org.dz pol.dz soc.dz tm.dz // ec : https://www.nic.ec/ // Submitted by registry ec com.ec edu.ec fin.ec gob.ec gov.ec info.ec k12.ec med.ec mil.ec net.ec org.ec pro.ec // edu : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/edu.html edu // ee : https://www.internet.ee/domains/general-domains-and-procedure-for-registration-of-sub-domains-under-general-domains ee aip.ee com.ee edu.ee fie.ee gov.ee lib.ee med.ee org.ee pri.ee riik.ee // eg : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/eg.html // https://domain.eg/en/domain-rules/subdomain-names-types/ eg ac.eg com.eg edu.eg eun.eg gov.eg info.eg me.eg mil.eg name.eg net.eg org.eg sci.eg sport.eg tv.eg // er : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/er.html *.er // es : https://www.dominios.es/en es com.es edu.es gob.es nom.es org.es // et : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/et.html et biz.et com.et edu.et gov.et info.et name.et net.et org.et // eu : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/eu.html eu // fi : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fi.html fi // aland.fi : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ax.html // This domain is being phased out in favor of .ax. As there are still many // domains under aland.fi, we still keep it on the list until aland.fi is // completely removed. aland.fi // fj : http://domains.fj/ // Submitted by registry 2020-02-11 fj ac.fj biz.fj com.fj gov.fj info.fj mil.fj name.fj net.fj org.fj pro.fj // fk : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fk.html *.fk // fm : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fm.html fm com.fm edu.fm net.fm org.fm // fo : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fo.html fo // fr : https://www.afnic.fr/ https://www.afnic.fr/wp-media/uploads/2022/12/afnic-naming-policy-2023-01-01.pdf fr asso.fr com.fr gouv.fr nom.fr prd.fr tm.fr // Other SLDs now selfmanaged out of AFNIC range. Former "domaines sectoriels", still registration suffixes avoues.fr cci.fr greta.fr huissier-justice.fr // ga : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ga.html ga // gb : This registry is effectively dormant // Submitted by registry gb // gd : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gd.html gd edu.gd gov.gd // ge : https://nic.ge/en/administrator/the-ge-domain-regulations // Confirmed by registry 2024-11-20 ge com.ge edu.ge gov.ge net.ge org.ge pvt.ge school.ge // gf : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gf.html gf // gg : https://www.channelisles.net/register-1/register-direct // Confirmed by registry 2013-11-28 gg co.gg net.gg org.gg // gh : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gh.html // https://www.nic.gh/ // Although domains directly at second level are not possible at the moment, // they have been possible for some time and may come back. gh com.gh edu.gh gov.gh mil.gh org.gh // gi : http://www.nic.gi/rules.html gi com.gi edu.gi gov.gi ltd.gi mod.gi org.gi // gl : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gl.html // http://nic.gl gl co.gl com.gl edu.gl net.gl org.gl // gm : http://www.nic.gm/htmlpages%5Cgm-policy.htm gm // gn : http://psg.com/dns/gn/gn.txt // Submitted by registry gn ac.gn com.gn edu.gn gov.gn net.gn org.gn // gov : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gov.html gov // gp : http://www.nic.gp/index.php?lang=en gp asso.gp com.gp edu.gp mobi.gp net.gp org.gp // gq : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gq.html gq // gr : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gr.html // Submitted by registry gr com.gr edu.gr gov.gr net.gr org.gr // gs : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gs.html gs // gt : https://www.gt/sitio/registration_policy.php?lang=en gt com.gt edu.gt gob.gt ind.gt mil.gt net.gt org.gt // gu : http://gadao.gov.gu/register.html // University of Guam : https://www.uog.edu // Submitted by uognoc@triton.uog.edu gu com.gu edu.gu gov.gu guam.gu info.gu net.gu org.gu web.gu // gw : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gw.html // gw : https://nic.gw/regras/ gw // gy : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gy.html // http://registry.gy/ gy co.gy com.gy edu.gy gov.gy net.gy org.gy // hk : https://www.hkirc.hk // Submitted by registry hk com.hk edu.hk gov.hk idv.hk net.hk org.hk 个人.hk 個人.hk 公司.hk 政府.hk 敎育.hk 教育.hk 箇人.hk 組織.hk 組织.hk 網絡.hk 網络.hk 组織.hk 组织.hk 网絡.hk 网络.hk // hm : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hm.html hm // hn : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hn.html hn com.hn edu.hn gob.hn mil.hn net.hn org.hn // hr : http://www.dns.hr/documents/pdf/HRTLD-regulations.pdf hr com.hr from.hr iz.hr name.hr // ht : http://www.nic.ht/info/charte.cfm ht adult.ht art.ht asso.ht com.ht coop.ht edu.ht firm.ht gouv.ht info.ht med.ht net.ht org.ht perso.ht pol.ht pro.ht rel.ht shop.ht // hu : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hu.html // Confirmed by registry 2008-06-12 hu 2000.hu agrar.hu bolt.hu casino.hu city.hu co.hu erotica.hu erotika.hu film.hu forum.hu games.hu hotel.hu info.hu ingatlan.hu jogasz.hu konyvelo.hu lakas.hu media.hu news.hu org.hu priv.hu reklam.hu sex.hu shop.hu sport.hu suli.hu szex.hu tm.hu tozsde.hu utazas.hu video.hu // id : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/id.html id ac.id biz.id co.id desa.id go.id mil.id my.id net.id or.id ponpes.id sch.id web.id // ie : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ie.html ie gov.ie // il : http://www.isoc.org.il/domains/ // see also: https://en.isoc.org.il/il-cctld/registration-rules // ISOC-IL (operated by .il Registry) il ac.il co.il gov.il idf.il k12.il muni.il net.il org.il // xn--4dbrk0ce ("Israel", Hebrew) : IL ישראל // xn--4dbgdty6c.xn--4dbrk0ce. אקדמיה.ישראל // xn--5dbhl8d.xn--4dbrk0ce. ישוב.ישראל // xn--8dbq2a.xn--4dbrk0ce. צהל.ישראל // xn--hebda8b.xn--4dbrk0ce. ממשל.ישראל // im : https://www.nic.im/ // Submitted by registry im ac.im co.im ltd.co.im plc.co.im com.im net.im org.im tt.im tv.im // in : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/in.html // see also: https://registry.in/policies // Please note, that nic.in is not an official eTLD, but used by most // government institutions. in 5g.in 6g.in ac.in ai.in am.in bihar.in biz.in business.in ca.in cn.in co.in com.in coop.in cs.in delhi.in dr.in edu.in er.in firm.in gen.in gov.in gujarat.in ind.in info.in int.in internet.in io.in me.in mil.in net.in nic.in org.in pg.in post.in pro.in res.in travel.in tv.in uk.in up.in us.in // info : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/info.html info // int : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/int.html // Confirmed by registry 2008-06-18 int eu.int // io : http://www.nic.io/rules.htm io co.io com.io edu.io gov.io mil.io net.io nom.io org.io // iq : http://www.cmc.iq/english/iq/iqregister1.htm iq com.iq edu.iq gov.iq mil.iq net.iq org.iq // ir : http://www.nic.ir/Terms_and_Conditions_ir,_Appendix_1_Domain_Rules // Also see http://www.nic.ir/Internationalized_Domain_Names // Two .ir entries added at request of , 2010-04-16 ir ac.ir co.ir gov.ir id.ir net.ir org.ir sch.ir // xn--mgba3a4f16a.ir (.ir, Persian YEH) ایران.ir // xn--mgba3a4fra.ir (.ir, Arabic YEH) ايران.ir // is : http://www.isnic.is/domain/rules.php // Confirmed by registry 2024-11-17 is // it : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/it.html // https://www.nic.it/ it edu.it gov.it // Regions (3.3.1) // https://www.nic.it/en/manage-your-it/forms-and-docs -> "Assignment and Management of domain names" abr.it abruzzo.it aosta-valley.it aostavalley.it bas.it basilicata.it cal.it calabria.it cam.it campania.it emilia-romagna.it emiliaromagna.it emr.it friuli-v-giulia.it friuli-ve-giulia.it friuli-vegiulia.it friuli-venezia-giulia.it friuli-veneziagiulia.it friuli-vgiulia.it friuliv-giulia.it friulive-giulia.it friulivegiulia.it friulivenezia-giulia.it friuliveneziagiulia.it friulivgiulia.it fvg.it laz.it lazio.it lig.it liguria.it lom.it lombardia.it lombardy.it lucania.it mar.it marche.it mol.it molise.it piedmont.it piemonte.it pmn.it pug.it puglia.it sar.it sardegna.it sardinia.it sic.it sicilia.it sicily.it taa.it tos.it toscana.it trentin-sud-tirol.it trentin-süd-tirol.it trentin-sudtirol.it trentin-südtirol.it trentin-sued-tirol.it trentin-suedtirol.it trentino.it trentino-a-adige.it trentino-aadige.it trentino-alto-adige.it trentino-altoadige.it trentino-s-tirol.it trentino-stirol.it trentino-sud-tirol.it trentino-süd-tirol.it trentino-sudtirol.it trentino-südtirol.it trentino-sued-tirol.it trentino-suedtirol.it trentinoa-adige.it trentinoaadige.it trentinoalto-adige.it trentinoaltoadige.it trentinos-tirol.it trentinostirol.it trentinosud-tirol.it trentinosüd-tirol.it trentinosudtirol.it trentinosüdtirol.it trentinosued-tirol.it trentinosuedtirol.it trentinsud-tirol.it trentinsüd-tirol.it trentinsudtirol.it trentinsüdtirol.it trentinsued-tirol.it trentinsuedtirol.it tuscany.it umb.it umbria.it val-d-aosta.it val-daosta.it vald-aosta.it valdaosta.it valle-aosta.it valle-d-aosta.it valle-daosta.it valleaosta.it valled-aosta.it valledaosta.it vallee-aoste.it vallée-aoste.it vallee-d-aoste.it vallée-d-aoste.it valleeaoste.it valléeaoste.it valleedaoste.it valléedaoste.it vao.it vda.it ven.it veneto.it // Provinces (3.3.2) ag.it agrigento.it al.it alessandria.it alto-adige.it altoadige.it an.it ancona.it andria-barletta-trani.it andria-trani-barletta.it andriabarlettatrani.it andriatranibarletta.it ao.it aosta.it aoste.it ap.it aq.it aquila.it ar.it arezzo.it ascoli-piceno.it ascolipiceno.it asti.it at.it av.it avellino.it ba.it balsan.it balsan-sudtirol.it balsan-südtirol.it balsan-suedtirol.it bari.it barletta-trani-andria.it barlettatraniandria.it belluno.it benevento.it bergamo.it bg.it bi.it biella.it bl.it bn.it bo.it bologna.it bolzano.it bolzano-altoadige.it bozen.it bozen-sudtirol.it bozen-südtirol.it bozen-suedtirol.it br.it brescia.it brindisi.it bs.it bt.it bulsan.it bulsan-sudtirol.it bulsan-südtirol.it bulsan-suedtirol.it bz.it ca.it cagliari.it caltanissetta.it campidano-medio.it campidanomedio.it campobasso.it carbonia-iglesias.it carboniaiglesias.it carrara-massa.it carraramassa.it caserta.it catania.it catanzaro.it cb.it ce.it cesena-forli.it cesena-forlì.it cesenaforli.it cesenaforlì.it ch.it chieti.it ci.it cl.it cn.it co.it como.it cosenza.it cr.it cremona.it crotone.it cs.it ct.it cuneo.it cz.it dell-ogliastra.it dellogliastra.it en.it enna.it fc.it fe.it fermo.it ferrara.it fg.it fi.it firenze.it florence.it fm.it foggia.it forli-cesena.it forlì-cesena.it forlicesena.it forlìcesena.it fr.it frosinone.it ge.it genoa.it genova.it go.it gorizia.it gr.it grosseto.it iglesias-carbonia.it iglesiascarbonia.it im.it imperia.it is.it isernia.it kr.it la-spezia.it laquila.it laspezia.it latina.it lc.it le.it lecce.it lecco.it li.it livorno.it lo.it lodi.it lt.it lu.it lucca.it macerata.it mantova.it massa-carrara.it massacarrara.it matera.it mb.it mc.it me.it medio-campidano.it mediocampidano.it messina.it mi.it milan.it milano.it mn.it mo.it modena.it monza.it monza-brianza.it monza-e-della-brianza.it monzabrianza.it monzaebrianza.it monzaedellabrianza.it ms.it mt.it na.it naples.it napoli.it no.it novara.it nu.it nuoro.it og.it ogliastra.it olbia-tempio.it olbiatempio.it or.it oristano.it ot.it pa.it padova.it padua.it palermo.it parma.it pavia.it pc.it pd.it pe.it perugia.it pesaro-urbino.it pesarourbino.it pescara.it pg.it pi.it piacenza.it pisa.it pistoia.it pn.it po.it pordenone.it potenza.it pr.it prato.it pt.it pu.it pv.it pz.it ra.it ragusa.it ravenna.it rc.it re.it reggio-calabria.it reggio-emilia.it reggiocalabria.it reggioemilia.it rg.it ri.it rieti.it rimini.it rm.it rn.it ro.it roma.it rome.it rovigo.it sa.it salerno.it sassari.it savona.it si.it siena.it siracusa.it so.it sondrio.it sp.it sr.it ss.it südtirol.it suedtirol.it sv.it ta.it taranto.it te.it tempio-olbia.it tempioolbia.it teramo.it terni.it tn.it to.it torino.it tp.it tr.it trani-andria-barletta.it trani-barletta-andria.it traniandriabarletta.it tranibarlettaandria.it trapani.it trento.it treviso.it trieste.it ts.it turin.it tv.it ud.it udine.it urbino-pesaro.it urbinopesaro.it va.it varese.it vb.it vc.it ve.it venezia.it venice.it verbania.it vercelli.it verona.it vi.it vibo-valentia.it vibovalentia.it vicenza.it viterbo.it vr.it vs.it vt.it vv.it // je : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/je.html // Confirmed by registry 2013-11-28 je co.je net.je org.je // jm : http://www.com.jm/register.html *.jm // jo : https://www.dns.jo/JoFamily.aspx // Confirmed by registry 2024-11-17 jo agri.jo ai.jo com.jo edu.jo eng.jo fm.jo gov.jo mil.jo net.jo org.jo per.jo phd.jo sch.jo tv.jo // jobs : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/jobs.html jobs // jp : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/jp.html // http://jprs.co.jp/en/jpdomain.html // Confirmed by registry 2024-11-22 jp // jp organizational type names ac.jp ad.jp co.jp ed.jp go.jp gr.jp lg.jp ne.jp or.jp // jp prefecture type names aichi.jp akita.jp aomori.jp chiba.jp ehime.jp fukui.jp fukuoka.jp fukushima.jp gifu.jp gunma.jp hiroshima.jp hokkaido.jp hyogo.jp ibaraki.jp 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taito.tokyo.jp tama.tokyo.jp toshima.tokyo.jp chizu.tottori.jp hino.tottori.jp kawahara.tottori.jp koge.tottori.jp kotoura.tottori.jp misasa.tottori.jp nanbu.tottori.jp nichinan.tottori.jp sakaiminato.tottori.jp tottori.tottori.jp wakasa.tottori.jp yazu.tottori.jp yonago.tottori.jp asahi.toyama.jp fuchu.toyama.jp fukumitsu.toyama.jp funahashi.toyama.jp himi.toyama.jp imizu.toyama.jp inami.toyama.jp johana.toyama.jp kamiichi.toyama.jp kurobe.toyama.jp nakaniikawa.toyama.jp namerikawa.toyama.jp nanto.toyama.jp nyuzen.toyama.jp oyabe.toyama.jp taira.toyama.jp takaoka.toyama.jp tateyama.toyama.jp toga.toyama.jp tonami.toyama.jp toyama.toyama.jp unazuki.toyama.jp uozu.toyama.jp yamada.toyama.jp arida.wakayama.jp aridagawa.wakayama.jp gobo.wakayama.jp hashimoto.wakayama.jp hidaka.wakayama.jp hirogawa.wakayama.jp inami.wakayama.jp iwade.wakayama.jp kainan.wakayama.jp kamitonda.wakayama.jp katsuragi.wakayama.jp kimino.wakayama.jp kinokawa.wakayama.jp kitayama.wakayama.jp koya.wakayama.jp koza.wakayama.jp kozagawa.wakayama.jp kudoyama.wakayama.jp kushimoto.wakayama.jp mihama.wakayama.jp misato.wakayama.jp nachikatsuura.wakayama.jp shingu.wakayama.jp shirahama.wakayama.jp taiji.wakayama.jp tanabe.wakayama.jp wakayama.wakayama.jp yuasa.wakayama.jp yura.wakayama.jp asahi.yamagata.jp funagata.yamagata.jp higashine.yamagata.jp iide.yamagata.jp kahoku.yamagata.jp kaminoyama.yamagata.jp kaneyama.yamagata.jp kawanishi.yamagata.jp mamurogawa.yamagata.jp mikawa.yamagata.jp murayama.yamagata.jp nagai.yamagata.jp nakayama.yamagata.jp nanyo.yamagata.jp nishikawa.yamagata.jp obanazawa.yamagata.jp oe.yamagata.jp oguni.yamagata.jp ohkura.yamagata.jp oishida.yamagata.jp sagae.yamagata.jp sakata.yamagata.jp sakegawa.yamagata.jp shinjo.yamagata.jp shirataka.yamagata.jp shonai.yamagata.jp takahata.yamagata.jp tendo.yamagata.jp tozawa.yamagata.jp tsuruoka.yamagata.jp yamagata.yamagata.jp yamanobe.yamagata.jp yonezawa.yamagata.jp yuza.yamagata.jp abu.yamaguchi.jp hagi.yamaguchi.jp hikari.yamaguchi.jp hofu.yamaguchi.jp iwakuni.yamaguchi.jp kudamatsu.yamaguchi.jp mitou.yamaguchi.jp nagato.yamaguchi.jp oshima.yamaguchi.jp shimonoseki.yamaguchi.jp shunan.yamaguchi.jp tabuse.yamaguchi.jp tokuyama.yamaguchi.jp toyota.yamaguchi.jp ube.yamaguchi.jp yuu.yamaguchi.jp chuo.yamanashi.jp doshi.yamanashi.jp fuefuki.yamanashi.jp fujikawa.yamanashi.jp fujikawaguchiko.yamanashi.jp fujiyoshida.yamanashi.jp hayakawa.yamanashi.jp hokuto.yamanashi.jp ichikawamisato.yamanashi.jp kai.yamanashi.jp kofu.yamanashi.jp koshu.yamanashi.jp kosuge.yamanashi.jp minami-alps.yamanashi.jp minobu.yamanashi.jp nakamichi.yamanashi.jp nanbu.yamanashi.jp narusawa.yamanashi.jp nirasaki.yamanashi.jp nishikatsura.yamanashi.jp oshino.yamanashi.jp otsuki.yamanashi.jp showa.yamanashi.jp tabayama.yamanashi.jp tsuru.yamanashi.jp uenohara.yamanashi.jp yamanakako.yamanashi.jp yamanashi.yamanashi.jp // ke : http://www.kenic.or.ke/index.php/en/ke-domains/ke-domains ke ac.ke co.ke go.ke info.ke me.ke mobi.ke ne.ke or.ke sc.ke // kg : http://www.domain.kg/dmn_n.html kg com.kg edu.kg gov.kg mil.kg net.kg org.kg // kh : http://www.mptc.gov.kh/dns_registration.htm *.kh // ki : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ki.html ki biz.ki com.ki edu.ki gov.ki info.ki net.ki org.ki // km : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/km.html // http://www.domaine.km/documents/charte.doc km ass.km com.km edu.km gov.km mil.km nom.km org.km prd.km tm.km // These are only mentioned as proposed suggestions at domaine.km, but // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/km.html says they're available for registration: asso.km coop.km gouv.km medecin.km notaires.km pharmaciens.km presse.km veterinaire.km // kn : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/kn.html // http://www.dot.kn/domainRules.html kn edu.kn gov.kn net.kn org.kn // kp : http://www.kcce.kp/en_index.php kp com.kp edu.kp gov.kp org.kp rep.kp tra.kp // kr : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/kr.html // see also: https://krnic.kisa.or.kr/jsp/infoboard/law/domBylawsReg.jsp kr ac.kr ai.kr co.kr es.kr go.kr hs.kr io.kr it.kr kg.kr me.kr mil.kr ms.kr ne.kr or.kr pe.kr re.kr sc.kr // kr geographical names busan.kr chungbuk.kr chungnam.kr daegu.kr daejeon.kr gangwon.kr gwangju.kr gyeongbuk.kr gyeonggi.kr gyeongnam.kr incheon.kr jeju.kr jeonbuk.kr jeonnam.kr seoul.kr ulsan.kr // kw : https://www.nic.kw/policies/ // Confirmed by registry kw com.kw edu.kw emb.kw gov.kw ind.kw net.kw org.kw // ky : http://www.icta.ky/da_ky_reg_dom.php // Confirmed by registry 2008-06-17 ky com.ky edu.ky net.ky org.ky // kz : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/kz.html // see also: http://www.nic.kz/rules/index.jsp kz com.kz edu.kz gov.kz mil.kz net.kz org.kz // la : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/la.html // Submitted by registry la com.la edu.la gov.la info.la int.la net.la org.la per.la // lb : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lb.html // Submitted by registry lb com.lb edu.lb gov.lb net.lb org.lb // lc : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lc.html // see also: http://www.nic.lc/rules.htm lc co.lc com.lc edu.lc gov.lc net.lc org.lc // li : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/li.html li // lk : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lk.html lk ac.lk assn.lk com.lk edu.lk gov.lk grp.lk hotel.lk int.lk ltd.lk net.lk ngo.lk org.lk sch.lk soc.lk web.lk // lr : http://psg.com/dns/lr/lr.txt // Submitted by registry lr com.lr edu.lr gov.lr net.lr org.lr // ls : http://www.nic.ls/ // Confirmed by registry ls ac.ls biz.ls co.ls edu.ls gov.ls info.ls net.ls org.ls sc.ls // lt : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lt.html lt // gov.lt : http://www.gov.lt/index_en.php gov.lt // lu : http://www.dns.lu/en/ lu // lv : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lv.html lv asn.lv com.lv conf.lv edu.lv gov.lv id.lv mil.lv net.lv org.lv // ly : http://www.nic.ly/regulations.php ly com.ly edu.ly gov.ly id.ly med.ly net.ly org.ly plc.ly sch.ly // ma : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ma.html // http://www.anrt.ma/fr/admin/download/upload/file_fr782.pdf ma ac.ma co.ma gov.ma net.ma org.ma press.ma // mc : http://www.nic.mc/ mc asso.mc tm.mc // md : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/md.html md // me : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/me.html me ac.me co.me edu.me gov.me its.me net.me org.me priv.me // mg : https://nic.mg mg co.mg com.mg edu.mg gov.mg mil.mg nom.mg org.mg prd.mg // mh : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mh.html mh // mil : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mil.html mil // mk : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mk.html // see also: http://dns.marnet.net.mk/postapka.php mk com.mk edu.mk gov.mk inf.mk name.mk net.mk org.mk // ml : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ml.html // Confirmed by Boubacar NDIAYE 2024-12-31 ml ac.ml art.ml asso.ml com.ml edu.ml gouv.ml gov.ml info.ml inst.ml net.ml org.ml pr.ml presse.ml // mm : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mm.html *.mm // mn : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mn.html mn edu.mn gov.mn org.mn // mo : http://www.monic.net.mo/ mo com.mo edu.mo gov.mo net.mo org.mo // mobi : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mobi.html mobi // mp : http://www.dot.mp/ // Confirmed by registry 2008-06-17 mp // mq : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mq.html mq // mr : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mr.html mr gov.mr // ms : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ms.html ms com.ms edu.ms gov.ms net.ms org.ms // mt : https://www.nic.org.mt/go/policy // Submitted by registry mt com.mt edu.mt net.mt org.mt // mu : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mu.html mu ac.mu co.mu com.mu gov.mu net.mu or.mu org.mu // museum : https://welcome.museum/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/20180525-Registration-Policy-MUSEUM-EN_VF-2.pdf https://welcome.museum/buy-your-dot-museum-2/ museum // mv : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mv.html // "mv" included because, contra Wikipedia, google.mv exists. mv aero.mv biz.mv com.mv coop.mv edu.mv gov.mv info.mv int.mv mil.mv museum.mv name.mv net.mv org.mv pro.mv // mw : http://www.registrar.mw/ mw ac.mw biz.mw co.mw com.mw coop.mw edu.mw gov.mw int.mw net.mw org.mw // mx : http://www.nic.mx/ // Submitted by registry mx com.mx edu.mx gob.mx net.mx org.mx // my : http://www.mynic.my/ // Available strings: https://mynic.my/resources/domains/buying-a-domain/ my biz.my com.my edu.my gov.my mil.my name.my net.my org.my // mz : http://www.uem.mz/ // Submitted by registry mz ac.mz adv.mz co.mz edu.mz gov.mz mil.mz net.mz org.mz // na : http://www.na-nic.com.na/ na alt.na co.na com.na gov.na net.na org.na // name : http://www.nic.name/ // Regarding 2LDs: https://github.com/publicsuffix/list/issues/2306 name // nc : http://www.cctld.nc/ nc asso.nc nom.nc // ne : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ne.html ne // net : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/net.html net // nf : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nf.html nf arts.nf com.nf firm.nf info.nf net.nf other.nf per.nf rec.nf store.nf web.nf // ng : http://www.nira.org.ng/index.php/join-us/register-ng-domain/189-nira-slds ng com.ng edu.ng gov.ng i.ng mil.ng mobi.ng name.ng net.ng org.ng sch.ng // ni : http://www.nic.ni/ ni ac.ni biz.ni co.ni com.ni edu.ni gob.ni in.ni info.ni int.ni mil.ni net.ni nom.ni org.ni web.ni // nl : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nl.html // https://www.sidn.nl/ nl // no : https://www.norid.no/en/om-domenenavn/regelverk-for-no/ // Norid geographical second level domains : https://www.norid.no/en/om-domenenavn/regelverk-for-no/vedlegg-b/ // Norid category second level domains : https://www.norid.no/en/om-domenenavn/regelverk-for-no/vedlegg-c/ // Norid category second-level domains managed by parties other than Norid : https://www.norid.no/en/om-domenenavn/regelverk-for-no/vedlegg-d/ // RSS feed: https://teknisk.norid.no/en/feed/ no // Norid category second level domains : https://www.norid.no/en/om-domenenavn/regelverk-for-no/vedlegg-c/ fhs.no folkebibl.no fylkesbibl.no idrett.no museum.no priv.no vgs.no // Norid category second-level domains managed by parties other than Norid : https://www.norid.no/en/om-domenenavn/regelverk-for-no/vedlegg-d/ dep.no herad.no kommune.no mil.no stat.no // Norid geographical second level domains : https://www.norid.no/en/om-domenenavn/regelverk-for-no/vedlegg-b/ // counties aa.no ah.no bu.no fm.no hl.no hm.no jan-mayen.no mr.no nl.no nt.no of.no ol.no oslo.no rl.no sf.no st.no svalbard.no tm.no tr.no va.no vf.no // primary and lower secondary schools per county gs.aa.no gs.ah.no gs.bu.no gs.fm.no gs.hl.no gs.hm.no gs.jan-mayen.no gs.mr.no gs.nl.no gs.nt.no gs.of.no gs.ol.no gs.oslo.no gs.rl.no gs.sf.no gs.st.no gs.svalbard.no gs.tm.no gs.tr.no gs.va.no gs.vf.no // cities akrehamn.no åkrehamn.no algard.no ålgård.no arna.no bronnoysund.no brønnøysund.no brumunddal.no bryne.no drobak.no drøbak.no egersund.no fetsund.no floro.no florø.no fredrikstad.no hokksund.no honefoss.no hønefoss.no jessheim.no jorpeland.no jørpeland.no kirkenes.no kopervik.no krokstadelva.no langevag.no langevåg.no leirvik.no mjondalen.no mjøndalen.no mo-i-rana.no mosjoen.no mosjøen.no nesoddtangen.no orkanger.no osoyro.no osøyro.no raholt.no råholt.no sandnessjoen.no sandnessjøen.no skedsmokorset.no slattum.no spjelkavik.no stathelle.no stavern.no stjordalshalsen.no stjørdalshalsen.no tananger.no tranby.no vossevangen.no // communities aarborte.no aejrie.no afjord.no åfjord.no agdenes.no nes.akershus.no aknoluokta.no ákŋoluokta.no al.no ål.no alaheadju.no álaheadju.no alesund.no ålesund.no alstahaug.no alta.no áltá.no alvdal.no amli.no åmli.no amot.no åmot.no andasuolo.no andebu.no andoy.no andøy.no ardal.no årdal.no aremark.no arendal.no ås.no aseral.no åseral.no asker.no askim.no askoy.no askøy.no askvoll.no asnes.no åsnes.no audnedaln.no aukra.no aure.no aurland.no aurskog-holand.no aurskog-høland.no austevoll.no austrheim.no averoy.no averøy.no badaddja.no bådåddjå.no bærum.no bahcavuotna.no báhcavuotna.no bahccavuotna.no báhccavuotna.no baidar.no báidár.no bajddar.no bájddar.no balat.no bálát.no balestrand.no ballangen.no balsfjord.no bamble.no bardu.no barum.no batsfjord.no båtsfjord.no bearalvahki.no bearalváhki.no beardu.no beiarn.no berg.no bergen.no berlevag.no berlevåg.no bievat.no bievát.no bindal.no birkenes.no bjarkoy.no bjarkøy.no bjerkreim.no bjugn.no bodo.no bodø.no bokn.no bomlo.no bømlo.no bremanger.no bronnoy.no brønnøy.no budejju.no nes.buskerud.no bygland.no bykle.no cahcesuolo.no čáhcesuolo.no davvenjarga.no davvenjárga.no davvesiida.no deatnu.no dielddanuorri.no divtasvuodna.no divttasvuotna.no donna.no dønna.no dovre.no drammen.no drangedal.no dyroy.no dyrøy.no eid.no eidfjord.no eidsberg.no eidskog.no eidsvoll.no eigersund.no elverum.no enebakk.no engerdal.no etne.no etnedal.no evenassi.no evenášši.no evenes.no evje-og-hornnes.no farsund.no fauske.no fedje.no fet.no finnoy.no finnøy.no fitjar.no fjaler.no fjell.no fla.no flå.no flakstad.no flatanger.no flekkefjord.no flesberg.no flora.no folldal.no forde.no førde.no forsand.no fosnes.no fræna.no frana.no frei.no frogn.no froland.no frosta.no froya.no frøya.no fuoisku.no fuossko.no fusa.no fyresdal.no gaivuotna.no gáivuotna.no galsa.no gálsá.no gamvik.no gangaviika.no gáŋgaviika.no gaular.no gausdal.no giehtavuoatna.no gildeskal.no gildeskål.no giske.no gjemnes.no gjerdrum.no gjerstad.no gjesdal.no gjovik.no gjøvik.no gloppen.no gol.no gran.no grane.no granvin.no gratangen.no grimstad.no grong.no grue.no gulen.no guovdageaidnu.no ha.no hå.no habmer.no hábmer.no hadsel.no hægebostad.no hagebostad.no halden.no halsa.no hamar.no hamaroy.no hammarfeasta.no hámmárfeasta.no hammerfest.no hapmir.no hápmir.no haram.no hareid.no harstad.no hasvik.no hattfjelldal.no haugesund.no os.hedmark.no valer.hedmark.no våler.hedmark.no hemne.no hemnes.no hemsedal.no hitra.no hjartdal.no hjelmeland.no hobol.no hobøl.no hof.no hol.no hole.no holmestrand.no holtalen.no holtålen.no os.hordaland.no hornindal.no horten.no hoyanger.no høyanger.no hoylandet.no høylandet.no hurdal.no hurum.no hvaler.no hyllestad.no ibestad.no inderoy.no inderøy.no iveland.no ivgu.no jevnaker.no jolster.no jølster.no jondal.no kafjord.no kåfjord.no karasjohka.no kárášjohka.no karasjok.no karlsoy.no karmoy.no karmøy.no kautokeino.no klabu.no klæbu.no klepp.no kongsberg.no kongsvinger.no kraanghke.no kråanghke.no kragero.no kragerø.no kristiansand.no kristiansund.no krodsherad.no krødsherad.no kvæfjord.no kvænangen.no kvafjord.no kvalsund.no kvam.no kvanangen.no kvinesdal.no kvinnherad.no kviteseid.no kvitsoy.no kvitsøy.no laakesvuemie.no lærdal.no lahppi.no láhppi.no lardal.no larvik.no lavagis.no lavangen.no leangaviika.no leaŋgaviika.no lebesby.no leikanger.no leirfjord.no leka.no leksvik.no lenvik.no lerdal.no lesja.no levanger.no lier.no lierne.no lillehammer.no lillesand.no lindas.no lindås.no lindesnes.no loabat.no loabát.no lodingen.no lødingen.no lom.no loppa.no lorenskog.no lørenskog.no loten.no løten.no lund.no lunner.no luroy.no lurøy.no luster.no lyngdal.no lyngen.no malatvuopmi.no málatvuopmi.no malselv.no målselv.no malvik.no mandal.no marker.no marnardal.no masfjorden.no masoy.no måsøy.no matta-varjjat.no mátta-várjjat.no meland.no meldal.no melhus.no meloy.no meløy.no meraker.no meråker.no midsund.no midtre-gauldal.no moareke.no moåreke.no modalen.no modum.no molde.no heroy.more-og-romsdal.no sande.more-og-romsdal.no herøy.møre-og-romsdal.no sande.møre-og-romsdal.no moskenes.no moss.no mosvik.no muosat.no muosát.no naamesjevuemie.no nååmesjevuemie.no nærøy.no namdalseid.no namsos.no namsskogan.no nannestad.no naroy.no narviika.no narvik.no naustdal.no navuotna.no návuotna.no nedre-eiker.no nesna.no nesodden.no nesseby.no nesset.no nissedal.no nittedal.no nord-aurdal.no nord-fron.no nord-odal.no norddal.no nordkapp.no bo.nordland.no bø.nordland.no heroy.nordland.no herøy.nordland.no nordre-land.no nordreisa.no nore-og-uvdal.no notodden.no notteroy.no nøtterøy.no odda.no oksnes.no øksnes.no omasvuotna.no oppdal.no oppegard.no oppegård.no orkdal.no orland.no ørland.no orskog.no ørskog.no orsta.no ørsta.no osen.no osteroy.no osterøy.no valer.ostfold.no våler.østfold.no ostre-toten.no østre-toten.no overhalla.no ovre-eiker.no øvre-eiker.no oyer.no øyer.no oygarden.no øygarden.no oystre-slidre.no øystre-slidre.no porsanger.no porsangu.no porsáŋgu.no porsgrunn.no rade.no råde.no radoy.no radøy.no rælingen.no rahkkeravju.no ráhkkerávju.no raisa.no ráisa.no rakkestad.no ralingen.no rana.no randaberg.no rauma.no rendalen.no rennebu.no rennesoy.no rennesøy.no rindal.no ringebu.no ringerike.no ringsaker.no risor.no risør.no rissa.no roan.no rodoy.no rødøy.no rollag.no romsa.no romskog.no rømskog.no roros.no røros.no rost.no røst.no royken.no røyken.no royrvik.no røyrvik.no ruovat.no rygge.no salangen.no salat.no sálat.no sálát.no saltdal.no samnanger.no sandefjord.no sandnes.no sandoy.no sandøy.no sarpsborg.no sauda.no sauherad.no sel.no selbu.no selje.no seljord.no siellak.no sigdal.no siljan.no sirdal.no skanit.no skánit.no skanland.no skånland.no skaun.no skedsmo.no ski.no skien.no skierva.no skiervá.no skiptvet.no skjak.no skjåk.no skjervoy.no skjervøy.no skodje.no smola.no smøla.no snaase.no snåase.no snasa.no snåsa.no snillfjord.no snoasa.no sogndal.no sogne.no søgne.no sokndal.no sola.no solund.no somna.no sømna.no sondre-land.no søndre-land.no songdalen.no sor-aurdal.no sør-aurdal.no sor-fron.no sør-fron.no sor-odal.no sør-odal.no sor-varanger.no sør-varanger.no sorfold.no sørfold.no sorreisa.no sørreisa.no sortland.no sorum.no sørum.no spydeberg.no stange.no stavanger.no steigen.no steinkjer.no stjordal.no stjørdal.no stokke.no stor-elvdal.no stord.no stordal.no storfjord.no strand.no stranda.no stryn.no sula.no suldal.no sund.no sunndal.no surnadal.no sveio.no svelvik.no sykkylven.no tana.no bo.telemark.no bø.telemark.no time.no tingvoll.no tinn.no tjeldsund.no tjome.no tjøme.no tokke.no tolga.no tonsberg.no tønsberg.no torsken.no træna.no trana.no tranoy.no tranøy.no troandin.no trogstad.no trøgstad.no tromsa.no tromso.no tromsø.no trondheim.no trysil.no tvedestrand.no tydal.no tynset.no tysfjord.no tysnes.no tysvær.no tysvar.no ullensaker.no ullensvang.no ulvik.no unjarga.no unjárga.no utsira.no vaapste.no vadso.no vadsø.no værøy.no vaga.no vågå.no vagan.no vågan.no vagsoy.no vågsøy.no vaksdal.no valle.no vang.no vanylven.no vardo.no vardø.no varggat.no várggát.no varoy.no vefsn.no vega.no vegarshei.no vegårshei.no vennesla.no verdal.no verran.no vestby.no sande.vestfold.no vestnes.no vestre-slidre.no vestre-toten.no vestvagoy.no vestvågøy.no vevelstad.no vik.no vikna.no vindafjord.no voagat.no volda.no voss.no // np : http://www.mos.com.np/register.html *.np // nr : http://cenpac.net.nr/dns/index.html // Submitted by registry nr biz.nr com.nr edu.nr gov.nr info.nr net.nr org.nr // nu : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nu.html nu // nz : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nz.html // Submitted by registry nz ac.nz co.nz cri.nz geek.nz gen.nz govt.nz health.nz iwi.nz kiwi.nz maori.nz māori.nz mil.nz net.nz org.nz parliament.nz school.nz // om : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/om.html om co.om com.om edu.om gov.om med.om museum.om net.om org.om pro.om // onion : https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7686 onion // org : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/org.html org // pa : http://www.nic.pa/ // Some additional second level "domains" resolve directly as hostnames, such as // pannet.pa, so we add a rule for "pa". pa abo.pa ac.pa com.pa edu.pa gob.pa ing.pa med.pa net.pa nom.pa org.pa sld.pa // pe : https://www.nic.pe/InformeFinalComision.pdf pe com.pe edu.pe gob.pe mil.pe net.pe nom.pe org.pe // pf : http://www.gobin.info/domainname/formulaire-pf.pdf pf com.pf edu.pf org.pf // pg : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pg.html *.pg // ph : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ph.html // Submitted by registry ph com.ph edu.ph gov.ph i.ph mil.ph net.ph ngo.ph org.ph // pk : https://pk5.pknic.net.pk/pk5/msgNamepk.PK // Contact Email: staff@pknic.net.pk pk ac.pk biz.pk com.pk edu.pk fam.pk gkp.pk gob.pk gog.pk gok.pk gop.pk gos.pk gov.pk net.pk org.pk web.pk // pl : https://www.dns.pl/en/ // Confirmed by registry 2024-11-18 pl com.pl net.pl org.pl // pl functional domains : https://www.dns.pl/en/list_of_functional_domain_names agro.pl aid.pl atm.pl auto.pl biz.pl edu.pl gmina.pl gsm.pl info.pl mail.pl media.pl miasta.pl mil.pl nieruchomosci.pl nom.pl pc.pl powiat.pl priv.pl realestate.pl rel.pl sex.pl shop.pl sklep.pl sos.pl szkola.pl targi.pl tm.pl tourism.pl travel.pl turystyka.pl // Government domains : https://www.dns.pl/informacje_o_rejestracji_domen_gov_pl // In accordance with the .gov.pl Domain Name Regulations : https://www.dns.pl/regulamin_gov_pl gov.pl ap.gov.pl griw.gov.pl ic.gov.pl is.gov.pl kmpsp.gov.pl konsulat.gov.pl kppsp.gov.pl kwp.gov.pl kwpsp.gov.pl mup.gov.pl mw.gov.pl oia.gov.pl oirm.gov.pl oke.gov.pl oow.gov.pl oschr.gov.pl oum.gov.pl pa.gov.pl pinb.gov.pl piw.gov.pl po.gov.pl pr.gov.pl psp.gov.pl psse.gov.pl pup.gov.pl rzgw.gov.pl sa.gov.pl sdn.gov.pl sko.gov.pl so.gov.pl sr.gov.pl starostwo.gov.pl ug.gov.pl ugim.gov.pl um.gov.pl umig.gov.pl upow.gov.pl uppo.gov.pl us.gov.pl uw.gov.pl uzs.gov.pl wif.gov.pl wiih.gov.pl winb.gov.pl wios.gov.pl witd.gov.pl wiw.gov.pl wkz.gov.pl wsa.gov.pl wskr.gov.pl wsse.gov.pl wuoz.gov.pl wzmiuw.gov.pl zp.gov.pl zpisdn.gov.pl // pl regional domains : https://www.dns.pl/en/list_of_regional_domain_names augustow.pl babia-gora.pl bedzin.pl beskidy.pl bialowieza.pl bialystok.pl bielawa.pl bieszczady.pl boleslawiec.pl bydgoszcz.pl bytom.pl cieszyn.pl czeladz.pl czest.pl dlugoleka.pl elblag.pl elk.pl glogow.pl gniezno.pl gorlice.pl grajewo.pl ilawa.pl jaworzno.pl jelenia-gora.pl jgora.pl kalisz.pl karpacz.pl kartuzy.pl kaszuby.pl katowice.pl kazimierz-dolny.pl kepno.pl ketrzyn.pl klodzko.pl kobierzyce.pl kolobrzeg.pl konin.pl konskowola.pl kutno.pl lapy.pl lebork.pl legnica.pl lezajsk.pl limanowa.pl lomza.pl lowicz.pl lubin.pl lukow.pl malbork.pl malopolska.pl mazowsze.pl mazury.pl mielec.pl mielno.pl mragowo.pl naklo.pl nowaruda.pl nysa.pl olawa.pl olecko.pl olkusz.pl olsztyn.pl opoczno.pl opole.pl ostroda.pl ostroleka.pl ostrowiec.pl ostrowwlkp.pl pila.pl pisz.pl podhale.pl podlasie.pl polkowice.pl pomorskie.pl pomorze.pl prochowice.pl pruszkow.pl przeworsk.pl pulawy.pl radom.pl rawa-maz.pl rybnik.pl rzeszow.pl sanok.pl sejny.pl skoczow.pl slask.pl slupsk.pl sosnowiec.pl stalowa-wola.pl starachowice.pl stargard.pl suwalki.pl swidnica.pl swiebodzin.pl swinoujscie.pl szczecin.pl szczytno.pl tarnobrzeg.pl tgory.pl turek.pl tychy.pl ustka.pl walbrzych.pl warmia.pl warszawa.pl waw.pl wegrow.pl wielun.pl wlocl.pl wloclawek.pl wodzislaw.pl wolomin.pl wroclaw.pl zachpomor.pl zagan.pl zarow.pl zgora.pl zgorzelec.pl // pm : https://www.afnic.fr/wp-media/uploads/2022/12/afnic-naming-policy-2023-01-01.pdf pm // pn : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pn.html pn co.pn edu.pn gov.pn net.pn org.pn // post : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/post.html post // pr : http://www.nic.pr/index.asp?f=1 pr biz.pr com.pr edu.pr gov.pr info.pr isla.pr name.pr net.pr org.pr pro.pr // these aren't mentioned on nic.pr, but on https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pr.html ac.pr est.pr prof.pr // pro : http://registry.pro/get-pro pro aaa.pro aca.pro acct.pro avocat.pro bar.pro cpa.pro eng.pro jur.pro law.pro med.pro recht.pro // ps : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ps.html // http://www.nic.ps/registration/policy.html#reg ps com.ps edu.ps gov.ps net.ps org.ps plo.ps sec.ps // pt : https://www.dns.pt/en/domain/pt-terms-and-conditions-registration-rules/ pt com.pt edu.pt gov.pt int.pt net.pt nome.pt org.pt publ.pt // pw : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pw.html // Confirmed by registry in private correspondence with @dnsguru 2024-12-09 pw gov.pw // py : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/py.html // Submitted by registry py com.py coop.py edu.py gov.py mil.py net.py org.py // qa : http://domains.qa/en/ qa com.qa edu.qa gov.qa mil.qa name.qa net.qa org.qa sch.qa // re : https://www.afnic.fr/wp-media/uploads/2022/12/afnic-naming-policy-2023-01-01.pdf // Confirmed by registry 2024-11-18 re // Closed for registration on 2013-03-15 but domains are still maintained asso.re com.re // ro : http://www.rotld.ro/ ro arts.ro com.ro firm.ro info.ro nom.ro nt.ro org.ro rec.ro store.ro tm.ro www.ro // rs : https://www.rnids.rs/en/domains/national-domains rs ac.rs co.rs edu.rs gov.rs in.rs org.rs // ru : https://cctld.ru/files/pdf/docs/en/rules_ru-rf.pdf // Submitted by George Georgievsky ru // rw : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/rw.html rw ac.rw co.rw coop.rw gov.rw mil.rw net.rw org.rw // sa : http://www.nic.net.sa/ sa com.sa edu.sa gov.sa med.sa net.sa org.sa pub.sa sch.sa // sb : http://www.sbnic.net.sb/ // Submitted by registry sb com.sb edu.sb gov.sb net.sb org.sb // sc : http://www.nic.sc/ sc com.sc edu.sc gov.sc net.sc org.sc // sd : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sd.html // Submitted by registry sd com.sd edu.sd gov.sd info.sd med.sd net.sd org.sd tv.sd // se : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/se.html // https://data.internetstiftelsen.se/barred_domains_list.txt -> Second level domains & Sub-domains // Confirmed by Registry Services 2024-11-20 se a.se ac.se b.se bd.se brand.se c.se d.se e.se f.se fh.se fhsk.se fhv.se g.se h.se i.se k.se komforb.se kommunalforbund.se komvux.se l.se lanbib.se m.se n.se naturbruksgymn.se o.se org.se p.se parti.se pp.se press.se r.se s.se t.se tm.se u.se w.se x.se y.se z.se // sg : https://www.sgnic.sg/domain-registration/sg-categories-rules // Confirmed by registry 2024-11-19 sg com.sg edu.sg gov.sg net.sg org.sg // sh : http://nic.sh/rules.htm sh com.sh gov.sh mil.sh net.sh org.sh // si : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/si.html si // sj : No registrations at this time. // Submitted by registry sj // sk : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sk.html sk // sl : http://www.nic.sl // Submitted by registry sl com.sl edu.sl gov.sl net.sl org.sl // sm : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sm.html sm // sn : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sn.html sn art.sn com.sn edu.sn gouv.sn org.sn perso.sn univ.sn // so : http://sonic.so/policies/ so com.so edu.so gov.so me.so net.so org.so // sr : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sr.html sr // ss : https://registry.nic.ss/ // Submitted by registry ss biz.ss co.ss com.ss edu.ss gov.ss me.ss net.ss org.ss sch.ss // st : http://www.nic.st/html/policyrules/ st co.st com.st consulado.st edu.st embaixada.st mil.st net.st org.st principe.st saotome.st store.st // su : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/su.html su // sv : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sv.html sv com.sv edu.sv gob.sv org.sv red.sv // sx : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sx.html // Submitted by registry sx gov.sx // sy : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sy.html sy com.sy edu.sy gov.sy mil.sy net.sy org.sy // sz : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sz.html // http://www.sispa.org.sz/ sz ac.sz co.sz org.sz // tc : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tc.html tc // td : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/td.html td // tel : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tel.html // http://www.telnic.org/ tel // tf : https://www.afnic.fr/wp-media/uploads/2022/12/afnic-naming-policy-2023-01-01.pdf tf // tg : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tg.html // http://www.nic.tg/ tg // th : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/th.html // Submitted by registry th ac.th co.th go.th in.th mi.th net.th or.th // tj : http://www.nic.tj/policy.html tj ac.tj biz.tj co.tj com.tj edu.tj go.tj gov.tj int.tj mil.tj name.tj net.tj nic.tj org.tj test.tj web.tj // tk : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tk.html tk // tl : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tl.html tl gov.tl // tm : https://www.nic.tm/local.html // Confirmed by registry 2024-11-19 tm co.tm com.tm edu.tm gov.tm mil.tm net.tm nom.tm org.tm // tn : http://www.registre.tn/fr/ // https://whois.ati.tn/ tn com.tn ens.tn fin.tn gov.tn ind.tn info.tn intl.tn mincom.tn nat.tn net.tn org.tn perso.tn tourism.tn // to : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/to.html // Submitted by registry to com.to edu.to gov.to mil.to net.to org.to // tr : https://nic.tr/ // https://nic.tr/forms/eng/policies.pdf // https://nic.tr/index.php?USRACTN=PRICELST tr av.tr bbs.tr bel.tr biz.tr com.tr dr.tr edu.tr gen.tr gov.tr info.tr k12.tr kep.tr mil.tr name.tr net.tr org.tr pol.tr tel.tr tsk.tr tv.tr web.tr // Used by Northern Cyprus nc.tr // Used by government agencies of Northern Cyprus gov.nc.tr // tt : https://www.nic.tt/ // Confirmed by registry 2024-11-19 tt biz.tt co.tt com.tt edu.tt gov.tt info.tt mil.tt name.tt net.tt org.tt pro.tt // tv : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tv.html // Not listing any 2LDs as reserved since none seem to exist in practice, // Wikipedia notwithstanding. tv // tw : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tw.html // https://twnic.tw/dnservice_catag.php // Confirmed by registry 2024-11-26 tw club.tw com.tw ebiz.tw edu.tw game.tw gov.tw idv.tw mil.tw net.tw org.tw // tz : http://www.tznic.or.tz/index.php/domains // Submitted by registry tz ac.tz co.tz go.tz hotel.tz info.tz me.tz mil.tz mobi.tz ne.tz or.tz sc.tz tv.tz // ua : https://hostmaster.ua/policy/?ua // Submitted by registry ua // ua 2LD com.ua edu.ua gov.ua in.ua net.ua org.ua // ua geographic names // https://hostmaster.ua/2ld/ cherkassy.ua cherkasy.ua chernigov.ua chernihiv.ua chernivtsi.ua chernovtsy.ua ck.ua cn.ua cr.ua crimea.ua cv.ua dn.ua dnepropetrovsk.ua dnipropetrovsk.ua donetsk.ua dp.ua if.ua ivano-frankivsk.ua kh.ua kharkiv.ua kharkov.ua kherson.ua khmelnitskiy.ua khmelnytskyi.ua kiev.ua kirovograd.ua km.ua kr.ua kropyvnytskyi.ua krym.ua ks.ua kv.ua kyiv.ua lg.ua lt.ua lugansk.ua luhansk.ua lutsk.ua lv.ua lviv.ua mk.ua mykolaiv.ua nikolaev.ua od.ua odesa.ua odessa.ua pl.ua poltava.ua rivne.ua rovno.ua rv.ua sb.ua sebastopol.ua sevastopol.ua sm.ua sumy.ua te.ua ternopil.ua uz.ua uzhgorod.ua uzhhorod.ua vinnica.ua vinnytsia.ua vn.ua volyn.ua yalta.ua zakarpattia.ua zaporizhzhe.ua zaporizhzhia.ua zhitomir.ua zhytomyr.ua zp.ua zt.ua // ug : https://www.registry.co.ug/ // https://www.registry.co.ug, https://whois.co.ug // Confirmed by registry 2025-01-20 ug ac.ug co.ug com.ug edu.ug go.ug gov.ug mil.ug ne.ug or.ug org.ug sc.ug us.ug // uk : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/uk.html // Submitted by registry uk ac.uk co.uk gov.uk ltd.uk me.uk net.uk nhs.uk org.uk plc.uk police.uk *.sch.uk // us : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/us.html // Confirmed via the .us zone file by William Harrison 2024-12-10 us dni.us isa.us nsn.us // Geographic Names ak.us al.us ar.us as.us az.us ca.us co.us ct.us dc.us de.us fl.us ga.us gu.us hi.us ia.us id.us il.us in.us ks.us ky.us la.us ma.us md.us me.us mi.us mn.us mo.us ms.us mt.us nc.us nd.us ne.us nh.us nj.us nm.us nv.us ny.us oh.us ok.us or.us pa.us pr.us ri.us sc.us sd.us tn.us tx.us ut.us va.us vi.us vt.us wa.us wi.us wv.us wy.us // The registrar notes several more specific domains available in each state, // such as state.*.us, dst.*.us, etc., but resolution of these is somewhat // haphazard; in some states these domains resolve as addresses, while in others // only subdomains are available, or even nothing at all. We include the // most common ones where it's clear that different sites are different // entities. k12.ak.us k12.al.us k12.ar.us k12.as.us k12.az.us k12.ca.us k12.co.us k12.ct.us k12.dc.us k12.fl.us k12.ga.us k12.gu.us // k12.hi.us - Bug 614565 - Hawaii has a state-wide DOE login k12.ia.us k12.id.us k12.il.us k12.in.us k12.ks.us k12.ky.us k12.la.us k12.ma.us k12.md.us k12.me.us k12.mi.us k12.mn.us k12.mo.us k12.ms.us k12.mt.us k12.nc.us // k12.nd.us - Bug 1028347 - Removed at request of Travis Rosso k12.ne.us k12.nh.us k12.nj.us k12.nm.us k12.nv.us k12.ny.us k12.oh.us k12.ok.us k12.or.us k12.pa.us k12.pr.us // k12.ri.us - Removed at request of Kim Cournoyer k12.sc.us // k12.sd.us - Bug 934131 - Removed at request of James Booze k12.tn.us k12.tx.us k12.ut.us k12.va.us k12.vi.us k12.vt.us k12.wa.us k12.wi.us // k12.wv.us - Bug 947705 - Removed at request of Verne Britton cc.ak.us lib.ak.us cc.al.us lib.al.us cc.ar.us lib.ar.us cc.as.us lib.as.us cc.az.us lib.az.us cc.ca.us lib.ca.us cc.co.us lib.co.us cc.ct.us lib.ct.us cc.dc.us lib.dc.us cc.de.us cc.fl.us cc.ga.us cc.gu.us cc.hi.us cc.ia.us cc.id.us cc.il.us cc.in.us cc.ks.us cc.ky.us cc.la.us cc.ma.us cc.md.us cc.me.us cc.mi.us cc.mn.us cc.mo.us cc.ms.us cc.mt.us cc.nc.us cc.nd.us cc.ne.us cc.nh.us cc.nj.us cc.nm.us cc.nv.us cc.ny.us cc.oh.us cc.ok.us cc.or.us cc.pa.us cc.pr.us cc.ri.us cc.sc.us cc.sd.us cc.tn.us cc.tx.us cc.ut.us cc.va.us cc.vi.us cc.vt.us cc.wa.us cc.wi.us cc.wv.us cc.wy.us k12.wy.us // lib.de.us - Issue #243 - Moved to Private section at request of Ed Moore lib.fl.us lib.ga.us lib.gu.us lib.hi.us lib.ia.us lib.id.us lib.il.us lib.in.us lib.ks.us lib.ky.us lib.la.us lib.ma.us lib.md.us lib.me.us lib.mi.us lib.mn.us lib.mo.us lib.ms.us lib.mt.us lib.nc.us lib.nd.us lib.ne.us lib.nh.us lib.nj.us lib.nm.us lib.nv.us lib.ny.us lib.oh.us lib.ok.us lib.or.us lib.pa.us lib.pr.us lib.ri.us lib.sc.us lib.sd.us lib.tn.us lib.tx.us lib.ut.us lib.va.us lib.vi.us lib.vt.us lib.wa.us lib.wi.us // lib.wv.us - Bug 941670 - Removed at request of Larry W Arnold lib.wy.us // k12.ma.us contains school districts in Massachusetts. The 4LDs are // managed independently except for private (PVT), charter (CHTR) and // parochial (PAROCH) schools. Those are delegated directly to the // 5LD operators. chtr.k12.ma.us paroch.k12.ma.us pvt.k12.ma.us // Merit Network, Inc. maintains the registry for =~ /(k12|cc|lib).mi.us/ and the following // see also: https://domreg.merit.edu : domreg@merit.edu // see also: whois -h whois.domreg.merit.edu help ann-arbor.mi.us cog.mi.us dst.mi.us eaton.mi.us gen.mi.us mus.mi.us tec.mi.us washtenaw.mi.us // uy : http://www.nic.org.uy/ uy com.uy edu.uy gub.uy mil.uy net.uy org.uy // uz : http://www.reg.uz/ uz co.uz com.uz net.uz org.uz // va : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/va.html va // vc : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/vc.html // Submitted by registry vc com.vc edu.vc gov.vc mil.vc net.vc org.vc // ve : https://registro.nic.ve/ // Submitted by registry nic@nic.ve and nicve@conatel.gob.ve ve arts.ve bib.ve co.ve com.ve e12.ve edu.ve emprende.ve firm.ve gob.ve gov.ve info.ve int.ve mil.ve net.ve nom.ve org.ve rar.ve rec.ve store.ve tec.ve web.ve // vg : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/vg.html // Confirmed by registry 2025-01-10 vg edu.vg // vi : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/vi.html vi co.vi com.vi k12.vi net.vi org.vi // vn : https://www.vnnic.vn/en/domain/cctld-vn // https://vnnic.vn/sites/default/files/tailieu/vn.cctld.domains.txt vn ac.vn ai.vn biz.vn com.vn edu.vn gov.vn health.vn id.vn info.vn int.vn io.vn name.vn net.vn org.vn pro.vn // vn geographical names angiang.vn bacgiang.vn backan.vn baclieu.vn bacninh.vn baria-vungtau.vn bentre.vn binhdinh.vn binhduong.vn binhphuoc.vn binhthuan.vn camau.vn cantho.vn caobang.vn daklak.vn daknong.vn danang.vn dienbien.vn dongnai.vn dongthap.vn gialai.vn hagiang.vn haiduong.vn haiphong.vn hanam.vn hanoi.vn hatinh.vn haugiang.vn hoabinh.vn hungyen.vn khanhhoa.vn kiengiang.vn kontum.vn laichau.vn lamdong.vn langson.vn laocai.vn longan.vn namdinh.vn nghean.vn ninhbinh.vn ninhthuan.vn phutho.vn phuyen.vn quangbinh.vn quangnam.vn quangngai.vn quangninh.vn quangtri.vn soctrang.vn sonla.vn tayninh.vn thaibinh.vn thainguyen.vn thanhhoa.vn thanhphohochiminh.vn thuathienhue.vn tiengiang.vn travinh.vn tuyenquang.vn vinhlong.vn vinhphuc.vn yenbai.vn // vu : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/vu.html // http://www.vunic.vu/ vu com.vu edu.vu net.vu org.vu // wf : https://www.afnic.fr/wp-media/uploads/2022/12/afnic-naming-policy-2023-01-01.pdf wf // ws : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ws.html // http://samoanic.ws/index.dhtml ws com.ws edu.ws gov.ws net.ws org.ws // yt : https://www.afnic.fr/wp-media/uploads/2022/12/afnic-naming-policy-2023-01-01.pdf yt // IDN ccTLDs // When submitting patches, please maintain a sort by ISO 3166 ccTLD, then // U-label, and follow this format: // // A-Label ("", [, variant info]) : // // [sponsoring org] // U-Label // xn--mgbaam7a8h ("Emerat", Arabic) : AE // http://nic.ae/english/arabicdomain/rules.jsp امارات // xn--y9a3aq ("hye", Armenian) : AM // ISOC AM (operated by .am Registry) հայ // xn--54b7fta0cc ("Bangla", Bangla) : BD বাংলা // xn--90ae ("bg", Bulgarian) : BG бг // xn--mgbcpq6gpa1a ("albahrain", Arabic) : BH البحرين // xn--90ais ("bel", Belarusian/Russian Cyrillic) : BY // Operated by .by registry бел // xn--fiqs8s ("Zhongguo/China", Chinese, Simplified) : CN // CNNIC // https://www.cnnic.cn/11/192/index.html 中国 // xn--fiqz9s ("Zhongguo/China", Chinese, Traditional) : CN // CNNIC // https://www.cnnic.com.cn/AU/MediaC/Announcement/201609/t20160905_54470.htm 中國 // xn--lgbbat1ad8j ("Algeria/Al Jazair", Arabic) : DZ الجزائر // xn--wgbh1c ("Egypt/Masr", Arabic) : EG // http://www.dotmasr.eg/ مصر // xn--e1a4c ("eu", Cyrillic) : EU // https://eurid.eu ею // xn--qxa6a ("eu", Greek) : EU // https://eurid.eu ευ // xn--mgbah1a3hjkrd ("Mauritania", Arabic) : MR موريتانيا // xn--node ("ge", Georgian Mkhedruli) : GE გე // xn--qxam ("el", Greek) : GR // Hellenic Ministry of Infrastructure, Transport, and Networks ελ // xn--j6w193g ("Hong Kong", Chinese) : HK // https://www.hkirc.hk // Submitted by registry // https://www.hkirc.hk/content.jsp?id=30#!/34 香港 個人.香港 公司.香港 政府.香港 教育.香港 組織.香港 網絡.香港 // xn--2scrj9c ("Bharat", Kannada) : IN // India ಭಾರತ // xn--3hcrj9c ("Bharat", Oriya) : IN // India ଭାରତ // xn--45br5cyl ("Bharatam", Assamese) : IN // India ভাৰত // xn--h2breg3eve ("Bharatam", Sanskrit) : IN // India भारतम् // xn--h2brj9c8c ("Bharot", Santali) : IN // India भारोत // xn--mgbgu82a ("Bharat", Sindhi) : IN // India ڀارت // xn--rvc1e0am3e ("Bharatam", Malayalam) : IN // India ഭാരതം // xn--h2brj9c ("Bharat", Devanagari) : IN // India भारत // xn--mgbbh1a ("Bharat", Kashmiri) : IN // India بارت // xn--mgbbh1a71e ("Bharat", Arabic) : IN // India بھارت // xn--fpcrj9c3d ("Bharat", Telugu) : IN // India భారత్ // xn--gecrj9c ("Bharat", Gujarati) : IN // India ભારત // xn--s9brj9c ("Bharat", Gurmukhi) : IN // India ਭਾਰਤ // xn--45brj9c ("Bharat", Bengali) : IN // India ভারত // xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h ("India", Tamil) : IN // India இந்தியா // xn--mgba3a4f16a ("Iran", Persian) : IR ایران // xn--mgba3a4fra ("Iran", Arabic) : IR ايران // xn--mgbtx2b ("Iraq", Arabic) : IQ // Communications and Media Commission عراق // xn--mgbayh7gpa ("al-Ordon", Arabic) : JO // National Information Technology Center (NITC) // Royal Scientific Society, Al-Jubeiha الاردن // xn--3e0b707e ("Republic of Korea", Hangul) : KR 한국 // xn--80ao21a ("Kaz", Kazakh) : KZ қаз // xn--q7ce6a ("Lao", Lao) : LA ລາວ // xn--fzc2c9e2c ("Lanka", Sinhalese-Sinhala) : LK // https://nic.lk ලංකා // xn--xkc2al3hye2a ("Ilangai", Tamil) : LK // https://nic.lk இலங்கை // xn--mgbc0a9azcg ("Morocco/al-Maghrib", Arabic) : MA المغرب // xn--d1alf ("mkd", Macedonian) : MK // MARnet мкд // xn--l1acc ("mon", Mongolian) : MN мон // xn--mix891f ("Macao", Chinese, Traditional) : MO // MONIC / HNET Asia (Registry Operator for .mo) 澳門 // xn--mix082f ("Macao", Chinese, Simplified) : MO 澳门 // xn--mgbx4cd0ab ("Malaysia", Malay) : MY مليسيا // xn--mgb9awbf ("Oman", Arabic) : OM عمان // xn--mgbai9azgqp6j ("Pakistan", Urdu/Arabic) : PK پاکستان // xn--mgbai9a5eva00b ("Pakistan", Urdu/Arabic, variant) : PK پاكستان // xn--ygbi2ammx ("Falasteen", Arabic) : PS // The Palestinian National Internet Naming Authority (PNINA) // http://www.pnina.ps فلسطين // xn--90a3ac ("srb", Cyrillic) : RS // https://www.rnids.rs/en/domains/national-domains срб ак.срб обр.срб од.срб орг.срб пр.срб упр.срб // xn--p1ai ("rf", Russian-Cyrillic) : RU // https://cctld.ru/files/pdf/docs/en/rules_ru-rf.pdf // Submitted by George Georgievsky рф // xn--wgbl6a ("Qatar", Arabic) : QA // http://www.ict.gov.qa/ قطر // xn--mgberp4a5d4ar ("AlSaudiah", Arabic) : SA // http://www.nic.net.sa/ السعودية // xn--mgberp4a5d4a87g ("AlSaudiah", Arabic, variant): SA السعودیة // xn--mgbqly7c0a67fbc ("AlSaudiah", Arabic, variant) : SA السعودیۃ // xn--mgbqly7cvafr ("AlSaudiah", Arabic, variant) : SA السعوديه // xn--mgbpl2fh ("sudan", Arabic) : SD // Operated by .sd registry سودان // xn--yfro4i67o Singapore ("Singapore", Chinese) : SG 新加坡 // xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd ("Singapore", Tamil) : SG சிங்கப்பூர் // xn--ogbpf8fl ("Syria", Arabic) : SY سورية // xn--mgbtf8fl ("Syria", Arabic, variant) : SY سوريا // xn--o3cw4h ("Thai", Thai) : TH // http://www.thnic.co.th ไทย ทหาร.ไทย ธุรกิจ.ไทย เน็ต.ไทย รัฐบาล.ไทย ศึกษา.ไทย องค์กร.ไทย // xn--pgbs0dh ("Tunisia", Arabic) : TN // http://nic.tn تونس // xn--kpry57d ("Taiwan", Chinese, Traditional) : TW // https://twnic.tw/dnservice_catag.php 台灣 // xn--kprw13d ("Taiwan", Chinese, Simplified) : TW // http://www.twnic.net/english/dn/dn_07a.htm 台湾 // xn--nnx388a ("Taiwan", Chinese, variant) : TW 臺灣 // xn--j1amh ("ukr", Cyrillic) : UA укр // xn--mgb2ddes ("AlYemen", Arabic) : YE اليمن // xxx : http://icmregistry.com xxx // ye : http://www.y.net.ye/services/domain_name.htm ye com.ye edu.ye gov.ye mil.ye net.ye org.ye // za : https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/za.html ac.za agric.za alt.za co.za edu.za gov.za grondar.za law.za mil.za net.za ngo.za nic.za nis.za nom.za org.za school.za tm.za web.za // zm : https://zicta.zm/ // Submitted by registry zm ac.zm biz.zm co.zm com.zm edu.zm gov.zm info.zm mil.zm net.zm org.zm sch.zm // zw : https://www.potraz.gov.zw/ // Confirmed by registry 2017-01-25 zw ac.zw co.zw gov.zw mil.zw org.zw // newGTLDs // List of new gTLDs imported from https://www.icann.org/resources/registries/gtlds/v2/gtlds.json on 2025-03-28T15:18:17Z // This list is auto-generated, don't edit it manually. // aaa : American Automobile Association, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/aaa.html aaa // aarp : AARP // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/aarp.html aarp // abb : ABB Ltd // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/abb.html abb // abbott : Abbott Laboratories, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/abbott.html abbott // abbvie : AbbVie Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/abbvie.html abbvie // abc : Disney Enterprises, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/abc.html abc // able : Able Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/able.html able // abogado : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/abogado.html abogado // abudhabi : Abu Dhabi Systems and Information Centre // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/abudhabi.html abudhabi // academy : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/academy.html academy // accenture : Accenture plc // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/accenture.html accenture // accountant : dot Accountant Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/accountant.html accountant // accountants : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/accountants.html accountants // aco : ACO Severin Ahlmann GmbH & Co. KG // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/aco.html aco // actor : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/actor.html actor // ads : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ads.html ads // adult : ICM Registry AD LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/adult.html adult // aeg : Aktiebolaget Electrolux // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/aeg.html aeg // aetna : Aetna Life Insurance Company // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/aetna.html aetna // afl : Australian Football League // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/afl.html afl // africa : ZA Central Registry NPC trading as Registry.Africa // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/africa.html africa // agakhan : Fondation Aga Khan (Aga Khan Foundation) // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/agakhan.html agakhan // agency : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/agency.html agency // aig : American International Group, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/aig.html aig // airbus : Airbus S.A.S. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/airbus.html airbus // airforce : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/airforce.html airforce // airtel : Bharti Airtel Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/airtel.html airtel // akdn : Fondation Aga Khan (Aga Khan Foundation) // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/akdn.html akdn // alibaba : Alibaba Group Holding Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/alibaba.html alibaba // alipay : Alibaba Group Holding Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/alipay.html alipay // allfinanz : Allfinanz Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/allfinanz.html allfinanz // allstate : Allstate Fire and Casualty Insurance Company // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/allstate.html allstate // ally : Ally Financial Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ally.html ally // alsace : Region Grand Est // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/alsace.html alsace // alstom : ALSTOM // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/alstom.html alstom // amazon : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/amazon.html amazon // americanexpress : American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/americanexpress.html americanexpress // americanfamily : AmFam, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/americanfamily.html americanfamily // amex : American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/amex.html amex // amfam : AmFam, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/amfam.html amfam // amica : Amica Mutual Insurance Company // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/amica.html amica // amsterdam : Gemeente Amsterdam // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/amsterdam.html amsterdam // analytics : Campus IP LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/analytics.html analytics // android : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/android.html android // anquan : Beijing Qihu Keji Co., Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/anquan.html anquan // anz : Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/anz.html anz // aol : Yahoo Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/aol.html aol // apartments : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/apartments.html apartments // app : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/app.html app // apple : Apple Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/apple.html apple // aquarelle : Aquarelle.com // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/aquarelle.html aquarelle // arab : League of Arab States // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/arab.html arab // aramco : Aramco Services Company // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/aramco.html aramco // archi : Identity Digital Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/archi.html archi // army : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/army.html army // art : UK Creative Ideas Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/art.html art // arte : Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne G.E.I.E. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/arte.html arte // asda : Asda Stores Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/asda.html asda // associates : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/associates.html associates // athleta : The Gap, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/athleta.html athleta // attorney : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/attorney.html attorney // auction : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/auction.html auction // audi : AUDI Aktiengesellschaft // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/audi.html audi // audible : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/audible.html audible // audio : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/audio.html audio // auspost : Australian Postal Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/auspost.html auspost // author : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/author.html author // auto : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/auto.html auto // autos : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/autos.html autos // aws : AWS Registry LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/aws.html aws // axa : AXA Group Operations SAS // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/axa.html axa // azure : Microsoft Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/azure.html azure // baby : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/baby.html baby // baidu : Baidu, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/baidu.html baidu // banamex : Citigroup Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/banamex.html banamex // band : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/band.html band // bank : fTLD Registry Services LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bank.html bank // bar : Punto 2012 Sociedad Anonima Promotora de Inversion de Capital Variable // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bar.html bar // barcelona : Municipi de Barcelona // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/barcelona.html barcelona // barclaycard : Barclays Bank PLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/barclaycard.html barclaycard // barclays : Barclays Bank PLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/barclays.html barclays // barefoot : Gallo Vineyards, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/barefoot.html barefoot // bargains : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bargains.html bargains // baseball : MLB Advanced Media DH, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/baseball.html baseball // basketball : Fédération Internationale de Basketball (FIBA) // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/basketball.html basketball // bauhaus : Werkhaus GmbH // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bauhaus.html bauhaus // bayern : Bayern Connect GmbH // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bayern.html bayern // bbc : British Broadcasting Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bbc.html bbc // bbt : BB&T Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bbt.html bbt // bbva : BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bbva.html bbva // bcg : The Boston Consulting Group, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bcg.html bcg // bcn : Municipi de Barcelona // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bcn.html bcn // beats : Beats Electronics, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/beats.html beats // beauty : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/beauty.html beauty // beer : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/beer.html beer // bentley : Bentley Motors Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bentley.html bentley // berlin : dotBERLIN GmbH & Co. KG // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/berlin.html berlin // best : BestTLD Pty Ltd // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/best.html best // bestbuy : BBY Solutions, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bestbuy.html bestbuy // bet : Identity Digital Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bet.html bet // bharti : Bharti Enterprises (Holding) Private Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bharti.html bharti // bible : American Bible Society // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bible.html bible // bid : dot Bid Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bid.html bid // bike : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bike.html bike // bing : Microsoft Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bing.html bing // bingo : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bingo.html bingo // bio : Identity Digital Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bio.html bio // black : Identity Digital Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/black.html black // blackfriday : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/blackfriday.html blackfriday // blockbuster : Dish DBS Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/blockbuster.html blockbuster // blog : Knock Knock WHOIS There, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/blog.html blog // bloomberg : Bloomberg IP Holdings LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bloomberg.html bloomberg // blue : Identity Digital Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/blue.html blue // bms : Bristol-Myers Squibb Company // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bms.html bms // bmw : Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bmw.html bmw // bnpparibas : BNP Paribas // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bnpparibas.html bnpparibas // boats : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/boats.html boats // boehringer : Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/boehringer.html boehringer // bofa : Bank of America Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bofa.html bofa // bom : Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bom.html bom // bond : ShortDot SA // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bond.html bond // boo : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/boo.html boo // book : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/book.html book // booking : Booking.com B.V. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/booking.html booking // bosch : Robert Bosch GMBH // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bosch.html bosch // bostik : Bostik SA // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bostik.html bostik // boston : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/boston.html boston // bot : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bot.html bot // boutique : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/boutique.html boutique // box : Intercap Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/box.html box // bradesco : Banco Bradesco S.A. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bradesco.html bradesco // bridgestone : Bridgestone Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bridgestone.html bridgestone // broadway : Celebrate Broadway, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/broadway.html broadway // broker : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/broker.html broker // brother : Brother Industries, Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/brother.html brother // brussels : DNS.be vzw // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/brussels.html brussels // build : Plan Bee LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/build.html build // builders : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/builders.html builders // business : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/business.html business // buy : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/buy.html buy // buzz : DOTSTRATEGY CO. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/buzz.html buzz // bzh : Association www.bzh // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bzh.html bzh // cab : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cab.html cab // cafe : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cafe.html cafe // cal : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cal.html cal // call : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/call.html call // calvinklein : PVH gTLD Holdings LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/calvinklein.html calvinklein // cam : Cam Connecting SARL // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cam.html cam // camera : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/camera.html camera // camp : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/camp.html camp // canon : Canon Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/canon.html canon // capetown : ZA Central Registry NPC trading as ZA Central Registry // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/capetown.html capetown // capital : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/capital.html capital // capitalone : Capital One Financial Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/capitalone.html capitalone // car : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/car.html car // caravan : Caravan International, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/caravan.html caravan // cards : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cards.html cards // care : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/care.html care // career : dotCareer LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/career.html career // careers : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/careers.html careers // cars : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cars.html cars // casa : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/casa.html casa // case : Digity, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/case.html case // cash : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cash.html cash // casino : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/casino.html casino // catering : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/catering.html catering // catholic : Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication) // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/catholic.html catholic // cba : COMMONWEALTH BANK OF AUSTRALIA // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cba.html cba // cbn : The Christian Broadcasting Network, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cbn.html cbn // cbre : CBRE, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cbre.html cbre // center : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/center.html center // ceo : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ceo.html ceo // cern : European Organization for Nuclear Research ("CERN") // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cern.html cern // cfa : CFA Institute // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cfa.html cfa // cfd : ShortDot SA // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cfd.html cfd // chanel : Chanel International B.V. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/chanel.html chanel // channel : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/channel.html channel // charity : Public Interest Registry // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/charity.html charity // chase : JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/chase.html chase // chat : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/chat.html chat // cheap : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cheap.html cheap // chintai : CHINTAI Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/chintai.html chintai // christmas : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/christmas.html christmas // chrome : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/chrome.html chrome // church : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/church.html church // cipriani : Hotel Cipriani Srl // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cipriani.html cipriani // circle : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/circle.html circle // cisco : Cisco Technology, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cisco.html cisco // citadel : Citadel Domain LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/citadel.html citadel // citi : Citigroup Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/citi.html citi // citic : CITIC Group Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/citic.html citic // city : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/city.html city // claims : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/claims.html claims // cleaning : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cleaning.html cleaning // click : Internet Naming Company LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/click.html click // clinic : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/clinic.html clinic // clinique : The Estée Lauder Companies Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/clinique.html clinique // clothing : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/clothing.html clothing // cloud : Aruba PEC S.p.A. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cloud.html cloud // club : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/club.html club // clubmed : Club Méditerranée S.A. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/clubmed.html clubmed // coach : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/coach.html coach // codes : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/codes.html codes // coffee : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/coffee.html coffee // college : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/college.html college // cologne : dotKoeln GmbH // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cologne.html cologne // commbank : COMMONWEALTH BANK OF AUSTRALIA // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/commbank.html commbank // community : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/community.html community // company : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/company.html company // compare : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/compare.html compare // computer : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/computer.html computer // comsec : VeriSign, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/comsec.html comsec // condos : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/condos.html condos // construction : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/construction.html construction // consulting : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/consulting.html consulting // contact : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/contact.html contact // contractors : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/contractors.html contractors // cooking : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cooking.html cooking // cool : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cool.html cool // corsica : Collectivité de Corse // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/corsica.html corsica // country : Internet Naming Company LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/country.html country // coupon : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/coupon.html coupon // coupons : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/coupons.html coupons // courses : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/courses.html courses // cpa : American Institute of Certified Public Accountants // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cpa.html cpa // credit : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/credit.html credit // creditcard : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/creditcard.html creditcard // creditunion : DotCooperation LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/creditunion.html creditunion // cricket : dot Cricket Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cricket.html cricket // crown : Crown Equipment Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/crown.html crown // crs : Federated Co-operatives Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/crs.html crs // cruise : Viking River Cruises (Bermuda) Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cruise.html cruise // cruises : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cruises.html cruises // cuisinella : SCHMIDT GROUPE S.A.S. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cuisinella.html cuisinella // cymru : Nominet UK // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cymru.html cymru // cyou : ShortDot SA // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/cyou.html cyou // dad : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dad.html dad // dance : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dance.html dance // data : Dish DBS Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/data.html data // date : dot Date Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/date.html date // dating : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dating.html dating // datsun : NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/datsun.html datsun // day : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/day.html day // dclk : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dclk.html dclk // dds : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dds.html dds // deal : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/deal.html deal // dealer : Intercap Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dealer.html dealer // deals : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/deals.html deals // degree : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/degree.html degree // delivery : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/delivery.html delivery // dell : Dell Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dell.html dell // deloitte : Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/deloitte.html deloitte // delta : Delta Air Lines, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/delta.html delta // democrat : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/democrat.html democrat // dental : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dental.html dental // dentist : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dentist.html dentist // desi // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/desi.html desi // design : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/design.html design // dev : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dev.html dev // dhl : Deutsche Post AG // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dhl.html dhl // diamonds : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/diamonds.html diamonds // diet : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/diet.html diet // digital : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/digital.html digital // direct : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/direct.html direct // directory : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/directory.html directory // discount : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/discount.html discount // discover : Discover Financial Services // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/discover.html discover // dish : Dish DBS Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dish.html dish // diy : Internet Naming Company LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/diy.html diy // dnp : Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dnp.html dnp // docs : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/docs.html docs // doctor : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/doctor.html doctor // dog : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dog.html dog // domains : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/domains.html domains // dot : Dish DBS Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dot.html dot // download : dot Support Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/download.html download // drive : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/drive.html drive // dtv : Dish DBS Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dtv.html dtv // dubai : Dubai Smart Government Department // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dubai.html dubai // dunlop : The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dunlop.html dunlop // dupont : DuPont Specialty Products USA, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dupont.html dupont // durban : ZA Central Registry NPC trading as ZA Central Registry // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/durban.html durban // dvag : Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dvag.html dvag // dvr : DISH Technologies L.L.C. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/dvr.html dvr // earth : Interlink Systems Innovation Institute K.K. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/earth.html earth // eat : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/eat.html eat // eco : Big Room Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/eco.html eco // edeka : EDEKA Verband kaufmännischer Genossenschaften e.V. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/edeka.html edeka // education : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/education.html education // email : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/email.html email // emerck : Merck KGaA // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/emerck.html emerck // energy : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/energy.html energy // engineer : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/engineer.html engineer // engineering : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/engineering.html engineering // enterprises : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/enterprises.html enterprises // epson : Seiko Epson Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/epson.html epson // equipment : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/equipment.html equipment // ericsson : Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ericsson.html ericsson // erni : ERNI Group Holding AG // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/erni.html erni // esq : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/esq.html esq // estate : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/estate.html estate // eurovision : European Broadcasting Union (EBU) // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/eurovision.html eurovision // eus : Puntueus Fundazioa // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/eus.html eus // events : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/events.html events // exchange : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/exchange.html exchange // expert : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/expert.html expert // exposed : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/exposed.html exposed // express : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/express.html express // extraspace : Extra Space Storage LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/extraspace.html extraspace // fage : Fage International S.A. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fage.html fage // fail : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fail.html fail // fairwinds : FairWinds Partners, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fairwinds.html fairwinds // faith : dot Faith Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/faith.html faith // family : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/family.html family // fan : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fan.html fan // fans : ZDNS International Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fans.html fans // farm : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/farm.html farm // farmers : Farmers Insurance Exchange // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/farmers.html farmers // fashion : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fashion.html fashion // fast : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fast.html fast // fedex : Federal Express Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fedex.html fedex // feedback : Top Level Spectrum, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/feedback.html feedback // ferrari : Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ferrari.html ferrari // ferrero : Ferrero Trading Lux S.A. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ferrero.html ferrero // fidelity : Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fidelity.html fidelity // fido : Rogers Communications Canada Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fido.html fido // film : Motion Picture Domain Registry Pty Ltd // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/film.html film // final : Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/final.html final // finance : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/finance.html finance // financial : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/financial.html financial // fire : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fire.html fire // firestone : Bridgestone Licensing Services, Inc // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/firestone.html firestone // firmdale : Firmdale Holdings Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/firmdale.html firmdale // fish : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fish.html fish // fishing : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fishing.html fishing // fit : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fit.html fit // fitness : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fitness.html fitness // flickr : Flickr, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/flickr.html flickr // flights : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/flights.html flights // flir : FLIR Systems, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/flir.html flir // florist : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/florist.html florist // flowers : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/flowers.html flowers // fly : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fly.html fly // foo : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/foo.html foo // food : Internet Naming Company LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/food.html food // football : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/football.html football // ford : Ford Motor Company // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ford.html ford // forex : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/forex.html forex // forsale : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/forsale.html forsale // forum : Waterford Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/forum.html forum // foundation : Public Interest Registry // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/foundation.html foundation // fox : FOX Registry, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fox.html fox // free : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/free.html free // fresenius : Fresenius Immobilien-Verwaltungs-GmbH // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fresenius.html fresenius // frl : FRLregistry B.V. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/frl.html frl // frogans : OP3FT // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/frogans.html frogans // frontier : Frontier Communications Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/frontier.html frontier // ftr : Frontier Communications Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ftr.html ftr // fujitsu : Fujitsu Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fujitsu.html fujitsu // fun : Radix Technologies Inc SEZC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fun.html fun // fund : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fund.html fund // furniture : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/furniture.html furniture // futbol : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/futbol.html futbol // fyi : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/fyi.html fyi // gal : Asociación puntoGAL // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gal.html gal // gallery : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gallery.html gallery // gallo : Gallo Vineyards, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gallo.html gallo // gallup : Gallup, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gallup.html gallup // game : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/game.html game // games : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/games.html games // gap : The Gap, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gap.html gap // garden : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/garden.html garden // gay : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gay.html gay // gbiz : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gbiz.html gbiz // gdn : Joint Stock Company "Navigation-information systems" // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gdn.html gdn // gea : GEA Group Aktiengesellschaft // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gea.html gea // gent : Easyhost BV // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gent.html gent // genting : Resorts World Inc Pte. Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/genting.html genting // george : Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/george.html george // ggee : GMO Internet, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ggee.html ggee // gift : DotGift, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gift.html gift // gifts : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gifts.html gifts // gives : Public Interest Registry // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gives.html gives // giving : Public Interest Registry // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/giving.html giving // glass : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/glass.html glass // gle : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gle.html gle // global : Identity Digital Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/global.html global // globo : Globo Comunicação e Participações S.A // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/globo.html globo // gmail : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gmail.html gmail // gmbh : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gmbh.html gmbh // gmo : GMO Internet, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gmo.html gmo // gmx : 1&1 Mail & Media GmbH // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gmx.html gmx // godaddy : Go Daddy East, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/godaddy.html godaddy // gold : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gold.html gold // goldpoint : YODOBASHI CAMERA CO.,LTD. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/goldpoint.html goldpoint // golf : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/golf.html golf // goo : NTT DOCOMO, INC. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/goo.html goo // goodyear : The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/goodyear.html goodyear // goog : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/goog.html goog // google : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/google.html google // gop : Republican State Leadership Committee, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gop.html gop // got : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/got.html got // grainger : Grainger Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/grainger.html grainger // graphics : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/graphics.html graphics // gratis : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gratis.html gratis // green : Identity Digital Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/green.html green // gripe : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gripe.html gripe // grocery : Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/grocery.html grocery // group : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/group.html group // gucci : Guccio Gucci S.p.a. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/gucci.html gucci // guge : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/guge.html guge // guide : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/guide.html guide // guitars : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/guitars.html guitars // guru : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/guru.html guru // hair : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hair.html hair // hamburg : Hamburg Top-Level-Domain GmbH // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hamburg.html hamburg // hangout : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hangout.html hangout // haus : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/haus.html haus // hbo : HBO Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hbo.html hbo // hdfc : HDFC BANK LIMITED // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hdfc.html hdfc // hdfcbank : HDFC BANK LIMITED // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hdfcbank.html hdfcbank // health : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/health.html health // healthcare : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/healthcare.html healthcare // help : Innovation service Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/help.html help // helsinki : City of Helsinki // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/helsinki.html helsinki // here : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/here.html here // hermes : HERMES INTERNATIONAL // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hermes.html hermes // hiphop : Dot Hip Hop, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hiphop.html hiphop // hisamitsu : Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co.,Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hisamitsu.html hisamitsu // hitachi : Hitachi, Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hitachi.html hitachi // hiv : Internet Naming Company LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hiv.html hiv // hkt : PCCW-HKT DataCom Services Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hkt.html hkt // hockey : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hockey.html hockey // holdings : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/holdings.html holdings // holiday : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/holiday.html holiday // homedepot : Home Depot Product Authority, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/homedepot.html homedepot // homegoods : The TJX Companies, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/homegoods.html homegoods // homes : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/homes.html homes // homesense : The TJX Companies, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/homesense.html homesense // honda : Honda Motor Co., Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/honda.html honda // horse : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/horse.html horse // hospital : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hospital.html hospital // host : Radix Technologies Inc SEZC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/host.html host // hosting : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hosting.html hosting // hot : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hot.html hot // hotels : Booking.com B.V. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hotels.html hotels // hotmail : Microsoft Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hotmail.html hotmail // house : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/house.html house // how : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/how.html how // hsbc : HSBC Global Services (UK) Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hsbc.html hsbc // hughes : Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hughes.html hughes // hyatt : Hyatt GTLD, L.L.C. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hyatt.html hyatt // hyundai : Hyundai Motor Company // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/hyundai.html hyundai // ibm : International Business Machines Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ibm.html ibm // icbc : Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/icbc.html icbc // ice : IntercontinentalExchange, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ice.html ice // icu : ShortDot SA // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/icu.html icu // ieee : IEEE Global LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ieee.html ieee // ifm : ifm electronic gmbh // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ifm.html ifm // ikano : Ikano S.A. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ikano.html ikano // imamat : Fondation Aga Khan (Aga Khan Foundation) // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/imamat.html imamat // imdb : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/imdb.html imdb // immo : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/immo.html immo // immobilien : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/immobilien.html immobilien // inc : Intercap Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/inc.html inc // industries : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/industries.html industries // infiniti : NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/infiniti.html infiniti // ing : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ing.html ing // ink : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ink.html ink // institute : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/institute.html institute // insurance : fTLD Registry Services LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/insurance.html insurance // insure : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/insure.html insure // international : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/international.html international // intuit : Intuit Administrative Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/intuit.html intuit // investments : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/investments.html investments // ipiranga : Ipiranga Produtos de Petroleo S.A. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ipiranga.html ipiranga // irish : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/irish.html irish // ismaili : Fondation Aga Khan (Aga Khan Foundation) // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ismaili.html ismaili // ist : Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ist.html ist // istanbul : Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/istanbul.html istanbul // itau : Itau Unibanco Holding S.A. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/itau.html itau // itv : ITV Services Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/itv.html itv // jaguar : Jaguar Land Rover Ltd // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/jaguar.html jaguar // java : Oracle Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/java.html java // jcb : JCB Co., Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/jcb.html jcb // jeep : FCA US LLC. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/jeep.html jeep // jetzt : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/jetzt.html jetzt // jewelry : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/jewelry.html jewelry // jio : Reliance Industries Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/jio.html jio // jll : Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/jll.html jll // jmp : Matrix IP LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/jmp.html jmp // jnj : Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/jnj.html jnj // joburg : ZA Central Registry NPC trading as ZA Central Registry // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/joburg.html joburg // jot : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/jot.html jot // joy : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/joy.html joy // jpmorgan : JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/jpmorgan.html jpmorgan // jprs : Japan Registry Services Co., Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/jprs.html jprs // juegos : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/juegos.html juegos // juniper : JUNIPER NETWORKS, INC. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/juniper.html juniper // kaufen : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/kaufen.html kaufen // kddi : KDDI CORPORATION // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/kddi.html kddi // kerryhotels : Kerry Trading Co. Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/kerryhotels.html kerryhotels // kerryproperties : Kerry Trading Co. Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/kerryproperties.html kerryproperties // kfh : Kuwait Finance House // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/kfh.html kfh // kia : KIA MOTORS CORPORATION // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/kia.html kia // kids : DotKids Foundation Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/kids.html kids // kim : Identity Digital Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/kim.html kim // kindle : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/kindle.html kindle // kitchen : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/kitchen.html kitchen // kiwi : DOT KIWI LIMITED // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/kiwi.html kiwi // koeln : dotKoeln GmbH // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/koeln.html koeln // komatsu : Komatsu Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/komatsu.html komatsu // kosher : Kosher Marketing Assets LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/kosher.html kosher // kpmg : KPMG International Cooperative (KPMG International Genossenschaft) // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/kpmg.html kpmg // kpn : Koninklijke KPN N.V. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/kpn.html kpn // krd : KRG Department of Information Technology // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/krd.html krd // kred : KredTLD Pty Ltd // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/kred.html kred // kuokgroup : Kerry Trading Co. Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/kuokgroup.html kuokgroup // kyoto : Academic Institution: Kyoto Jyoho Gakuen // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/kyoto.html kyoto // lacaixa : Fundación Bancaria Caixa d’Estalvis i Pensions de Barcelona, “la Caixa” // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lacaixa.html lacaixa // lamborghini : Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lamborghini.html lamborghini // lamer : The Estée Lauder Companies Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lamer.html lamer // lancaster : LANCASTER // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lancaster.html lancaster // land : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/land.html land // landrover : Jaguar Land Rover Ltd // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/landrover.html landrover // lanxess : LANXESS Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lanxess.html lanxess // lasalle : Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lasalle.html lasalle // lat : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lat.html lat // latino : Dish DBS Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/latino.html latino // latrobe : La Trobe University // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/latrobe.html latrobe // law : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/law.html law // lawyer : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lawyer.html lawyer // lds : IRI Domain Management, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lds.html lds // lease : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lease.html lease // leclerc : A.C.D. LEC Association des Centres Distributeurs Edouard Leclerc // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/leclerc.html leclerc // lefrak : LeFrak Organization, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lefrak.html lefrak // legal : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/legal.html legal // lego : LEGO Juris A/S // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lego.html lego // lexus : TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lexus.html lexus // lgbt : Identity Digital Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lgbt.html lgbt // lidl : Schwarz Domains und Services GmbH & Co. KG // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lidl.html lidl // life : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/life.html life // lifeinsurance : American Council of Life Insurers // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lifeinsurance.html lifeinsurance // lifestyle : Internet Naming Company LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lifestyle.html lifestyle // lighting : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lighting.html lighting // like : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/like.html like // lilly : Eli Lilly and Company // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lilly.html lilly // limited : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/limited.html limited // limo : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/limo.html limo // lincoln : Ford Motor Company // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lincoln.html lincoln // link : Nova Registry Ltd // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/link.html link // live : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/live.html live // living : Internet Naming Company LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/living.html living // llc : Identity Digital Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/llc.html llc // llp : Intercap Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/llp.html llp // loan : dot Loan Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/loan.html loan // loans : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/loans.html loans // locker : Orange Domains LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/locker.html locker // locus : Locus Analytics LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/locus.html locus // lol : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lol.html lol // london : Dot London Domains Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/london.html london // lotte : Lotte Holdings Co., Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lotte.html lotte // lotto : Identity Digital Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lotto.html lotto // love : Waterford Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/love.html love // lpl : LPL Holdings, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lpl.html lpl // lplfinancial : LPL Holdings, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lplfinancial.html lplfinancial // ltd : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ltd.html ltd // ltda : InterNetX, Corp // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ltda.html ltda // lundbeck : H. Lundbeck A/S // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/lundbeck.html lundbeck // luxe : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/luxe.html luxe // luxury : Luxury Partners, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/luxury.html luxury // madrid : Comunidad de Madrid // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/madrid.html madrid // maif : Mutuelle Assurance Instituteur France (MAIF) // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/maif.html maif // maison : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/maison.html maison // makeup : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/makeup.html makeup // man : MAN Truck & Bus SE // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/man.html man // management : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/management.html management // mango : PUNTO FA S.L. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mango.html mango // map : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/map.html map // market : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/market.html market // marketing : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/marketing.html marketing // markets : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/markets.html markets // marriott : Marriott Worldwide Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/marriott.html marriott // marshalls : The TJX Companies, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/marshalls.html marshalls // mattel : Mattel IT Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mattel.html mattel // mba : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mba.html mba // mckinsey : McKinsey Holdings, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mckinsey.html mckinsey // med : Medistry LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/med.html med // media : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/media.html media // meet : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/meet.html meet // melbourne : The Crown in right of the State of Victoria, represented by its Department of State Development, Business and Innovation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/melbourne.html melbourne // meme : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/meme.html meme // memorial : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/memorial.html memorial // men : Exclusive Registry Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/men.html men // menu : Dot Menu Registry, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/menu.html menu // merck : Merck Registry Holdings, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/merck.html merck // merckmsd : MSD Registry Holdings, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/merckmsd.html merckmsd // miami : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/miami.html miami // microsoft : Microsoft Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/microsoft.html microsoft // mini : Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mini.html mini // mint : Intuit Administrative Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mint.html mint // mit : Massachusetts Institute of Technology // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mit.html mit // mitsubishi : Mitsubishi Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mitsubishi.html mitsubishi // mlb : MLB Advanced Media DH, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mlb.html mlb // mls : The Canadian Real Estate Association // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mls.html mls // mma : MMA IARD // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mma.html mma // mobile : Dish DBS Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mobile.html mobile // moda : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/moda.html moda // moe : Interlink Systems Innovation Institute K.K. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/moe.html moe // moi : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/moi.html moi // mom : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mom.html mom // monash : Monash University // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/monash.html monash // money : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/money.html money // monster : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/monster.html monster // mormon : IRI Domain Management, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mormon.html mormon // mortgage : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mortgage.html mortgage // moscow : Foundation for Assistance for Internet Technologies and Infrastructure Development (FAITID) // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/moscow.html moscow // moto : Motorola Trademark Holdings, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/moto.html moto // motorcycles : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/motorcycles.html motorcycles // mov : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mov.html mov // movie : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/movie.html movie // msd : MSD Registry Holdings, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/msd.html msd // mtn : MTN Dubai Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mtn.html mtn // mtr : MTR Corporation Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/mtr.html mtr // music : DotMusic Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/music.html music // nab : National Australia Bank Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nab.html nab // nagoya : GMO Registry, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nagoya.html nagoya // navy : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/navy.html navy // nba : NBA REGISTRY, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nba.html nba // nec : NEC Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nec.html nec // netbank : COMMONWEALTH BANK OF AUSTRALIA // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/netbank.html netbank // netflix : Netflix, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/netflix.html netflix // network : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/network.html network // neustar : NeuStar, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/neustar.html neustar // new : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/new.html new // news : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/news.html news // next : Next plc // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/next.html next // nextdirect : Next plc // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nextdirect.html nextdirect // nexus : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nexus.html nexus // nfl : NFL Reg Ops LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nfl.html nfl // ngo : Public Interest Registry // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ngo.html ngo // nhk : Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nhk.html nhk // nico : DWANGO Co., Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nico.html nico // nike : NIKE, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nike.html nike // nikon : NIKON CORPORATION // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nikon.html nikon // ninja : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ninja.html ninja // nissan : NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nissan.html nissan // nissay : Nippon Life Insurance Company // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nissay.html nissay // nokia : Nokia Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nokia.html nokia // norton : Gen Digital Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/norton.html norton // now : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/now.html now // nowruz // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nowruz.html nowruz // nowtv : Starbucks (HK) Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nowtv.html nowtv // nra : NRA Holdings Company, INC. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nra.html nra // nrw : Minds + Machines GmbH // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nrw.html nrw // ntt : NIPPON TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CORPORATION // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ntt.html ntt // nyc : The City of New York by and through the New York City Department of Information Technology & Telecommunications // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/nyc.html nyc // obi : OBI Group Holding SE & Co. KGaA // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/obi.html obi // observer : Fegistry, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/observer.html observer // office : Microsoft Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/office.html office // okinawa : BRregistry, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/okinawa.html okinawa // olayan : Competrol (Luxembourg) Sarl // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/olayan.html olayan // olayangroup : Competrol (Luxembourg) Sarl // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/olayangroup.html olayangroup // ollo : Dish DBS Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ollo.html ollo // omega : The Swatch Group Ltd // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/omega.html omega // one : One.com A/S // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/one.html one // ong : Public Interest Registry // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ong.html ong // onl : iRegistry GmbH // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/onl.html onl // online : Radix Technologies Inc SEZC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/online.html online // ooo : INFIBEAM AVENUES LIMITED // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ooo.html ooo // open : American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/open.html open // oracle : Oracle Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/oracle.html oracle // orange : Orange Brand Services Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/orange.html orange // organic : Identity Digital Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/organic.html organic // origins : The Estée Lauder Companies Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/origins.html origins // osaka : Osaka Registry Co., Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/osaka.html osaka // otsuka : Otsuka Holdings Co., Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/otsuka.html otsuka // ott : Dish DBS Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ott.html ott // ovh : MédiaBC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ovh.html ovh // page : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/page.html page // panasonic : Panasonic Holdings Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/panasonic.html panasonic // paris : City of Paris // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/paris.html paris // pars // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pars.html pars // partners : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/partners.html partners // parts : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/parts.html parts // party : Blue Sky Registry Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/party.html party // pay : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pay.html pay // pccw : PCCW Enterprises Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pccw.html pccw // pet : Identity Digital Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pet.html pet // pfizer : Pfizer Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pfizer.html pfizer // pharmacy : National Association of Boards of Pharmacy // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pharmacy.html pharmacy // phd : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/phd.html phd // philips : Koninklijke Philips N.V. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/philips.html philips // phone : Dish DBS Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/phone.html phone // photo : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/photo.html photo // photography : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/photography.html photography // photos : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/photos.html photos // physio : PhysBiz Pty Ltd // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/physio.html physio // pics : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pics.html pics // pictet : Pictet Europe S.A. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pictet.html pictet // pictures : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pictures.html pictures // pid : Top Level Spectrum, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pid.html pid // pin : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pin.html pin // ping : Ping Registry Provider, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ping.html ping // pink : Identity Digital Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pink.html pink // pioneer : Pioneer Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pioneer.html pioneer // pizza : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pizza.html pizza // place : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/place.html place // play : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/play.html play // playstation : Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/playstation.html playstation // plumbing : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/plumbing.html plumbing // plus : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/plus.html plus // pnc : PNC Domain Co., LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pnc.html pnc // pohl : Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pohl.html pohl // poker : Identity Digital Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/poker.html poker // politie : Politie Nederland // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/politie.html politie // porn : ICM Registry PN LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/porn.html porn // pramerica : Prudential Financial, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pramerica.html pramerica // praxi : Praxi S.p.A. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/praxi.html praxi // press : Radix Technologies Inc SEZC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/press.html press // prime : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/prime.html prime // prod : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/prod.html prod // productions : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/productions.html productions // prof : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/prof.html prof // progressive : Progressive Casualty Insurance Company // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/progressive.html progressive // promo : Identity Digital Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/promo.html promo // properties : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/properties.html properties // property : Digital Property Infrastructure Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/property.html property // protection : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/protection.html protection // pru : Prudential Financial, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pru.html pru // prudential : Prudential Financial, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/prudential.html prudential // pub : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pub.html pub // pwc : PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pwc.html pwc // qpon : dotQPON LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/qpon.html qpon // quebec : PointQuébec Inc // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/quebec.html quebec // quest : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/quest.html quest // racing : Premier Registry Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/racing.html racing // radio : European Broadcasting Union (EBU) // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/radio.html radio // read : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/read.html read // realestate : dotRealEstate LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/realestate.html realestate // realtor : Real Estate Domains LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/realtor.html realtor // realty : Waterford Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/realty.html realty // recipes : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/recipes.html recipes // red : Identity Digital Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/red.html red // redstone : Redstone Haute Couture Co., Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/redstone.html redstone // redumbrella : Travelers TLD, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/redumbrella.html redumbrella // rehab : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/rehab.html rehab // reise : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/reise.html reise // reisen : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/reisen.html reisen // reit : National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/reit.html reit // reliance : Reliance Industries Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/reliance.html reliance // ren : ZDNS International Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ren.html ren // rent : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/rent.html rent // rentals : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/rentals.html rentals // repair : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/repair.html repair // report : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/report.html report // republican : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/republican.html republican // rest : Punto 2012 Sociedad Anonima Promotora de Inversion de Capital Variable // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/rest.html rest // restaurant : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/restaurant.html restaurant // review : dot Review Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/review.html review // reviews : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/reviews.html reviews // rexroth : Robert Bosch GMBH // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/rexroth.html rexroth // rich : iRegistry GmbH // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/rich.html rich // richardli : Pacific Century Asset Management (HK) Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/richardli.html richardli // ricoh : Ricoh Company, Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ricoh.html ricoh // ril : Reliance Industries Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ril.html ril // rio : Empresa Municipal de Informática SA - IPLANRIO // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/rio.html rio // rip : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/rip.html rip // rocks : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/rocks.html rocks // rodeo : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/rodeo.html rodeo // rogers : Rogers Communications Canada Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/rogers.html rogers // room : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/room.html room // rsvp : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/rsvp.html rsvp // rugby : World Rugby Strategic Developments Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/rugby.html rugby // ruhr : dotSaarland GmbH // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ruhr.html ruhr // run : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/run.html run // rwe : RWE AG // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/rwe.html rwe // ryukyu : BRregistry, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ryukyu.html ryukyu // saarland : dotSaarland GmbH // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/saarland.html saarland // safe : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/safe.html safe // safety : Safety Registry Services, LLC. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/safety.html safety // sakura : SAKURA Internet Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sakura.html sakura // sale : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sale.html sale // salon : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/salon.html salon // samsclub : Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/samsclub.html samsclub // samsung : SAMSUNG SDS CO., LTD // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/samsung.html samsung // sandvik : Sandvik AB // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sandvik.html sandvik // sandvikcoromant : Sandvik AB // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sandvikcoromant.html sandvikcoromant // sanofi : Sanofi // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sanofi.html sanofi // sap : SAP AG // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sap.html sap // sarl : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sarl.html sarl // sas : Research IP LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sas.html sas // save : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/save.html save // saxo : Saxo Bank A/S // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/saxo.html saxo // sbi : STATE BANK OF INDIA // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sbi.html sbi // sbs : ShortDot SA // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sbs.html sbs // scb : The Siam Commercial Bank Public Company Limited ("SCB") // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/scb.html scb // schaeffler : Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/schaeffler.html schaeffler // schmidt : SCHMIDT GROUPE S.A.S. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/schmidt.html schmidt // scholarships : Scholarships.com, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/scholarships.html scholarships // school : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/school.html school // schule : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/schule.html schule // schwarz : Schwarz Domains und Services GmbH & Co. KG // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/schwarz.html schwarz // science : dot Science Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/science.html science // scot : Dot Scot Registry Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/scot.html scot // search : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/search.html search // seat : SEAT, S.A. (Sociedad Unipersonal) // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/seat.html seat // secure : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/secure.html secure // security : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/security.html security // seek : Seek Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/seek.html seek // select : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/select.html select // sener : Sener Ingeniería y Sistemas, S.A. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sener.html sener // services : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/services.html services // seven : Seven West Media Ltd // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/seven.html seven // sew : SEW-EURODRIVE GmbH & Co KG // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sew.html sew // sex : ICM Registry SX LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sex.html sex // sexy : Internet Naming Company LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sexy.html sexy // sfr : Societe Francaise du Radiotelephone - SFR // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sfr.html sfr // shangrila : Shangri‐La International Hotel Management Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/shangrila.html shangrila // sharp : Sharp Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sharp.html sharp // shell : Shell Information Technology International Inc // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/shell.html shell // shia // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/shia.html shia // shiksha : Identity Digital Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/shiksha.html shiksha // shoes : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/shoes.html shoes // shop : GMO Registry, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/shop.html shop // shopping : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/shopping.html shopping // shouji : Beijing Qihu Keji Co., Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/shouji.html shouji // show : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/show.html show // silk : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/silk.html silk // sina : Sina Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sina.html sina // singles : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/singles.html singles // site : Radix Technologies Inc SEZC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/site.html site // ski : Identity Digital Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ski.html ski // skin : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/skin.html skin // sky : Sky UK Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sky.html sky // skype : Microsoft Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/skype.html skype // sling : DISH Technologies L.L.C. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sling.html sling // smart : Smart Communications, Inc. (SMART) // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/smart.html smart // smile : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/smile.html smile // sncf : Société Nationale SNCF // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sncf.html sncf // soccer : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/soccer.html soccer // social : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/social.html social // softbank : SoftBank Group Corp. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/softbank.html softbank // software : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/software.html software // sohu : Sohu.com Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sohu.html sohu // solar : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/solar.html solar // solutions : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/solutions.html solutions // song : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/song.html song // sony : Sony Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sony.html sony // soy : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/soy.html soy // spa : Asia Spa and Wellness Promotion Council Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/spa.html spa // space : Radix Technologies Inc SEZC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/space.html space // sport : SportAccord // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sport.html sport // spot : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/spot.html spot // srl : InterNetX, Corp // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/srl.html srl // stada : STADA Arzneimittel AG // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/stada.html stada // staples : Staples, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/staples.html staples // star : Star India Private Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/star.html star // statebank : STATE BANK OF INDIA // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/statebank.html statebank // statefarm : State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/statefarm.html statefarm // stc : Saudi Telecom Company // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/stc.html stc // stcgroup : Saudi Telecom Company // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/stcgroup.html stcgroup // stockholm : Stockholms kommun // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/stockholm.html stockholm // storage : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/storage.html storage // store : Radix Technologies Inc SEZC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/store.html store // stream : dot Stream Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/stream.html stream // studio : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/studio.html studio // study : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/study.html study // style : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/style.html style // sucks : Vox Populi Registry Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sucks.html sucks // supplies : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/supplies.html supplies // supply : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/supply.html supply // support : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/support.html support // surf : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/surf.html surf // surgery : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/surgery.html surgery // suzuki : SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/suzuki.html suzuki // swatch : The Swatch Group Ltd // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/swatch.html swatch // swiss : Swiss Confederation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/swiss.html swiss // sydney : State of New South Wales, Department of Premier and Cabinet // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sydney.html sydney // systems : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/systems.html systems // tab : Tabcorp Holdings Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tab.html tab // taipei : Taipei City Government // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/taipei.html taipei // talk : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/talk.html talk // taobao : Alibaba Group Holding Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/taobao.html taobao // target : Target Domain Holdings, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/target.html target // tatamotors : Tata Motors Ltd // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tatamotors.html tatamotors // tatar : Limited Liability Company "Coordination Center of Regional Domain of Tatarstan Republic" // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tatar.html tatar // tattoo : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tattoo.html tattoo // tax : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tax.html tax // taxi : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/taxi.html taxi // tci // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tci.html tci // tdk : TDK Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tdk.html tdk // team : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/team.html team // tech : Radix Technologies Inc SEZC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tech.html tech // technology : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/technology.html technology // temasek : Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/temasek.html temasek // tennis : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tennis.html tennis // teva : Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/teva.html teva // thd : Home Depot Product Authority, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/thd.html thd // theater : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/theater.html theater // theatre : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/theatre.html theatre // tiaa : Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association of America // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tiaa.html tiaa // tickets : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tickets.html tickets // tienda : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tienda.html tienda // tips : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tips.html tips // tires : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tires.html tires // tirol : punkt Tirol GmbH // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tirol.html tirol // tjmaxx : The TJX Companies, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tjmaxx.html tjmaxx // tjx : The TJX Companies, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tjx.html tjx // tkmaxx : The TJX Companies, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tkmaxx.html tkmaxx // tmall : Alibaba Group Holding Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tmall.html tmall // today : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/today.html today // tokyo : GMO Registry, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tokyo.html tokyo // tools : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tools.html tools // top : .TOP Registry // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/top.html top // toray : Toray Industries, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/toray.html toray // toshiba : TOSHIBA Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/toshiba.html toshiba // total : TotalEnergies SE // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/total.html total // tours : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tours.html tours // town : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/town.html town // toyota : TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/toyota.html toyota // toys : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/toys.html toys // trade : Elite Registry Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/trade.html trade // trading : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/trading.html trading // training : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/training.html training // travel : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/travel.html travel // travelers : Travelers TLD, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/travelers.html travelers // travelersinsurance : Travelers TLD, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/travelersinsurance.html travelersinsurance // trust : Internet Naming Company LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/trust.html trust // trv : Travelers TLD, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/trv.html trv // tube : Latin American Telecom LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tube.html tube // tui : TUI AG // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tui.html tui // tunes : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tunes.html tunes // tushu : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tushu.html tushu // tvs : T V SUNDRAM IYENGAR & SONS LIMITED // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/tvs.html tvs // ubank : National Australia Bank Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ubank.html ubank // ubs : UBS AG // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ubs.html ubs // unicom : China United Network Communications Corporation Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/unicom.html unicom // university : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/university.html university // uno : Radix Technologies Inc SEZC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/uno.html uno // uol : UBN INTERNET LTDA. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/uol.html uol // ups : UPS Market Driver, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ups.html ups // vacations : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/vacations.html vacations // vana : D3 Registry LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/vana.html vana // vanguard : The Vanguard Group, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/vanguard.html vanguard // vegas : Dot Vegas, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/vegas.html vegas // ventures : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ventures.html ventures // verisign : VeriSign, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/verisign.html verisign // versicherung : tldbox GmbH // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/versicherung.html versicherung // vet : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/vet.html vet // viajes : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/viajes.html viajes // video : Dog Beach, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/video.html video // vig : VIENNA INSURANCE GROUP AG Wiener Versicherung Gruppe // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/vig.html vig // viking : Viking River Cruises (Bermuda) Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/viking.html viking // villas : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/villas.html villas // vin : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/vin.html vin // vip : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/vip.html vip // virgin : Virgin Enterprises Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/virgin.html virgin // visa : Visa Worldwide Pte. Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/visa.html visa // vision : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/vision.html vision // viva : Saudi Telecom Company // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/viva.html viva // vivo : Telefonica Brasil S.A. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/vivo.html vivo // vlaanderen : DNS.be vzw // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/vlaanderen.html vlaanderen // vodka : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/vodka.html vodka // volvo : Volvo Holding Sverige Aktiebolag // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/volvo.html volvo // vote : Monolith Registry LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/vote.html vote // voting : Valuetainment Corp. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/voting.html voting // voto : Monolith Registry LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/voto.html voto // voyage : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/voyage.html voyage // wales : Nominet UK // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/wales.html wales // walmart : Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/walmart.html walmart // walter : Sandvik AB // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/walter.html walter // wang : Zodiac Wang Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/wang.html wang // wanggou : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/wanggou.html wanggou // watch : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/watch.html watch // watches : Identity Digital Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/watches.html watches // weather : International Business Machines Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/weather.html weather // weatherchannel : International Business Machines Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/weatherchannel.html weatherchannel // webcam : dot Webcam Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/webcam.html webcam // weber : Saint-Gobain Weber SA // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/weber.html weber // website : Radix Technologies Inc SEZC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/website.html website // wed // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/wed.html wed // wedding : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/wedding.html wedding // weibo : Sina Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/weibo.html weibo // weir : Weir Group IP Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/weir.html weir // whoswho : Who's Who Registry // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/whoswho.html whoswho // wien : punkt.wien GmbH // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/wien.html wien // wiki : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/wiki.html wiki // williamhill : William Hill Organization Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/williamhill.html williamhill // win : First Registry Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/win.html win // windows : Microsoft Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/windows.html windows // wine : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/wine.html wine // winners : The TJX Companies, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/winners.html winners // wme : William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/wme.html wme // wolterskluwer : Wolters Kluwer N.V. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/wolterskluwer.html wolterskluwer // woodside : Woodside Petroleum Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/woodside.html woodside // work : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/work.html work // works : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/works.html works // world : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/world.html world // wow : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/wow.html wow // wtc : World Trade Centers Association, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/wtc.html wtc // wtf : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/wtf.html wtf // xbox : Microsoft Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xbox.html xbox // xerox : Xerox DNHC LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xerox.html xerox // xihuan : Beijing Qihu Keji Co., Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xihuan.html xihuan // xin : Elegant Leader Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xin.html xin // xn--11b4c3d : VeriSign Sarl // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--11b4c3d.html कॉम // xn--1ck2e1b : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--1ck2e1b.html セール // xn--1qqw23a : Guangzhou YU Wei Information Technology Co., Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--1qqw23a.html 佛山 // xn--30rr7y : Excellent First Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--30rr7y.html 慈善 // xn--3bst00m : Eagle Horizon Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--3bst00m.html 集团 // xn--3ds443g : Beijing TLD Registry Technology Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--3ds443g.html 在线 // xn--3pxu8k : VeriSign Sarl // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--3pxu8k.html 点看 // xn--42c2d9a : VeriSign Sarl // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--42c2d9a.html คอม // xn--45q11c : Zodiac Gemini Ltd // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--45q11c.html 八卦 // xn--4gbrim : Helium TLDs Ltd // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--4gbrim.html موقع // xn--55qw42g : China Organizational Name Administration Center // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--55qw42g.html 公益 // xn--55qx5d : China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--55qx5d.html 公司 // xn--5su34j936bgsg : Shangri‐La International Hotel Management Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--5su34j936bgsg.html 香格里拉 // xn--5tzm5g : Global Website TLD Asia Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--5tzm5g.html 网站 // xn--6frz82g : Identity Digital Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--6frz82g.html 移动 // xn--6qq986b3xl : Tycoon Treasure Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--6qq986b3xl.html 我爱你 // xn--80adxhks : Foundation for Assistance for Internet Technologies and Infrastructure Development (FAITID) // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--80adxhks.html москва // xn--80aqecdr1a : Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication) // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--80aqecdr1a.html католик // xn--80asehdb : CORE Association // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--80asehdb.html онлайн // xn--80aswg : CORE Association // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--80aswg.html сайт // xn--8y0a063a : China United Network Communications Corporation Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--8y0a063a.html 联通 // xn--9dbq2a : VeriSign Sarl // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--9dbq2a.html קום // xn--9et52u : RISE VICTORY LIMITED // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--9et52u.html 时尚 // xn--9krt00a : Sina Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--9krt00a.html 微博 // xn--b4w605ferd : Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--b4w605ferd.html 淡马锡 // xn--bck1b9a5dre4c : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--bck1b9a5dre4c.html ファッション // xn--c1avg : Public Interest Registry // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--c1avg.html орг // xn--c2br7g : VeriSign Sarl // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--c2br7g.html नेट // xn--cck2b3b : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--cck2b3b.html ストア // xn--cckwcxetd : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--cckwcxetd.html アマゾン // xn--cg4bki : SAMSUNG SDS CO., LTD // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--cg4bki.html 삼성 // xn--czr694b : Internet DotTrademark Organisation Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--czr694b.html 商标 // xn--czrs0t : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--czrs0t.html 商店 // xn--czru2d : Zodiac Aquarius Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--czru2d.html 商城 // xn--d1acj3b : The Foundation for Network Initiatives “The Smart Internet” // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--d1acj3b.html дети // xn--eckvdtc9d : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--eckvdtc9d.html ポイント // xn--efvy88h : Guangzhou YU Wei Information Technology Co., Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--efvy88h.html 新闻 // xn--fct429k : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--fct429k.html 家電 // xn--fhbei : VeriSign Sarl // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--fhbei.html كوم // xn--fiq228c5hs : TLD REGISTRY LIMITED OY // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--fiq228c5hs.html 中文网 // xn--fiq64b : CITIC Group Corporation // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--fiq64b.html 中信 // xn--fjq720a : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--fjq720a.html 娱乐 // xn--flw351e : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--flw351e.html 谷歌 // xn--fzys8d69uvgm : PCCW Enterprises Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--fzys8d69uvgm.html 電訊盈科 // xn--g2xx48c : Nawang Heli(Xiamen) Network Service Co., LTD. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--g2xx48c.html 购物 // xn--gckr3f0f : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--gckr3f0f.html クラウド // xn--gk3at1e : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--gk3at1e.html 通販 // xn--hxt814e : Zodiac Taurus Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--hxt814e.html 网店 // xn--i1b6b1a6a2e : Public Interest Registry // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--i1b6b1a6a2e.html संगठन // xn--imr513n : Internet DotTrademark Organisation Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--imr513n.html 餐厅 // xn--io0a7i : China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--io0a7i.html 网络 // xn--j1aef : VeriSign Sarl // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--j1aef.html ком // xn--jlq480n2rg : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--jlq480n2rg.html 亚马逊 // xn--jvr189m : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--jvr189m.html 食品 // xn--kcrx77d1x4a : Koninklijke Philips N.V. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--kcrx77d1x4a.html 飞利浦 // xn--kput3i : Beijing RITT-Net Technology Development Co., Ltd // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--kput3i.html 手机 // xn--mgba3a3ejt : Aramco Services Company // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--mgba3a3ejt.html ارامكو // xn--mgba7c0bbn0a : Competrol (Luxembourg) Sarl // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--mgba7c0bbn0a.html العليان // xn--mgbab2bd : CORE Association // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--mgbab2bd.html بازار // xn--mgbca7dzdo : Abu Dhabi Systems and Information Centre // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--mgbca7dzdo.html ابوظبي // xn--mgbi4ecexp : Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication) // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--mgbi4ecexp.html كاثوليك // xn--mgbt3dhd // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--mgbt3dhd.html همراه // xn--mk1bu44c : VeriSign Sarl // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--mk1bu44c.html 닷컴 // xn--mxtq1m : Net-Chinese Co., Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--mxtq1m.html 政府 // xn--ngbc5azd : International Domain Registry Pty. Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--ngbc5azd.html شبكة // xn--ngbe9e0a : Kuwait Finance House // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--ngbe9e0a.html بيتك // xn--ngbrx : League of Arab States // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--ngbrx.html عرب // xn--nqv7f : Public Interest Registry // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--nqv7f.html 机构 // xn--nqv7fs00ema : Public Interest Registry // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--nqv7fs00ema.html 组织机构 // xn--nyqy26a : Stable Tone Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--nyqy26a.html 健康 // xn--otu796d : Jiang Yu Liang Cai Technology Company Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--otu796d.html 招聘 // xn--p1acf : Rusnames Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--p1acf.html рус // xn--pssy2u : VeriSign Sarl // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--pssy2u.html 大拿 // xn--q9jyb4c : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--q9jyb4c.html みんな // xn--qcka1pmc : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--qcka1pmc.html グーグル // xn--rhqv96g : Stable Tone Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--rhqv96g.html 世界 // xn--rovu88b : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--rovu88b.html 書籍 // xn--ses554g : KNET Co., Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--ses554g.html 网址 // xn--t60b56a : VeriSign Sarl // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--t60b56a.html 닷넷 // xn--tckwe : VeriSign Sarl // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--tckwe.html コム // xn--tiq49xqyj : Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication) // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--tiq49xqyj.html 天主教 // xn--unup4y : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--unup4y.html 游戏 // xn--vermgensberater-ctb : Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--vermgensberater-ctb.html vermögensberater // xn--vermgensberatung-pwb : Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--vermgensberatung-pwb.html vermögensberatung // xn--vhquv : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--vhquv.html 企业 // xn--vuq861b : Beijing Tele-info Technology Co., Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--vuq861b.html 信息 // xn--w4r85el8fhu5dnra : Kerry Trading Co. Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--w4r85el8fhu5dnra.html 嘉里大酒店 // xn--w4rs40l : Kerry Trading Co. Limited // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--w4rs40l.html 嘉里 // xn--xhq521b : Guangzhou YU Wei Information Technology Co., Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--xhq521b.html 广东 // xn--zfr164b : China Organizational Name Administration Center // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--zfr164b.html 政务 // xyz : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xyz.html xyz // yachts : XYZ.COM LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/yachts.html yachts // yahoo : Yahoo Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/yahoo.html yahoo // yamaxun : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/yamaxun.html yamaxun // yandex : YANDEX, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/yandex.html yandex // yodobashi : YODOBASHI CAMERA CO.,LTD. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/yodobashi.html yodobashi // yoga : Registry Services, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/yoga.html yoga // yokohama : GMO Registry, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/yokohama.html yokohama // you : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/you.html you // youtube : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/youtube.html youtube // yun : Beijing Qihu Keji Co., Ltd. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/yun.html yun // zappos : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/zappos.html zappos // zara : Industria de Diseño Textil, S.A. (INDITEX, S.A.) // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/zara.html zara // zero : Amazon Registry Services, Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/zero.html zero // zip : Charleston Road Registry Inc. // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/zip.html zip // zone : Binky Moon, LLC // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/zone.html zone // zuerich : Kanton Zürich (Canton of Zurich) // https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/zuerich.html zuerich // ===END ICANN DOMAINS=== // ===BEGIN PRIVATE DOMAINS=== // (Note: these are in alphabetical order by company name) // .KRD : https://nic.krd co.krd edu.krd // .pl domains (grandfathered) art.pl gliwice.pl krakow.pl poznan.pl wroc.pl zakopane.pl // .US // Submitted by Ed Moore lib.de.us // 12CHARS : https://12chars.com // Submitted by Kenny Niehage 12chars.dev 12chars.it 12chars.pro // 1GB LLC : https://www.1gb.ua/ // Submitted by 1GB LLC cc.ua inf.ua ltd.ua // 611 blockchain domain name system : https://611project.net/ 611.to // A2 Hosting // Submitted by Tyler Hall a2hosted.com cpserver.com // Acorn Labs : https://acorn.io // Submitted by Craig Jellick *.on-acorn.io // ActiveTrail : https://www.activetrail.biz/ // Submitted by Ofer Kalaora activetrail.biz // Adaptable.io : https://adaptable.io // Submitted by Mark Terrel adaptable.app // addr.tools : https://addr.tools/ // Submitted by Brian Shea myaddr.dev myaddr.io dyn.addr.tools myaddr.tools // Adobe : https://www.adobe.com/ // Submitted by Ian Boston and Lars Trieloff adobeaemcloud.com *.dev.adobeaemcloud.com aem.live hlx.live adobeaemcloud.net aem.page hlx.page hlx3.page // Adobe Developer Platform : https://developer.adobe.com // Submitted by Jesse MacFadyen adobeio-static.net adobeioruntime.net // Africa.com Web Solutions Ltd : https://registry.africa.com // Submitted by Gavin Brown africa.com // Agnat sp. z o.o. : https://domena.pl // Submitted by Przemyslaw Plewa beep.pl // Airkit : https://www.airkit.com/ // Submitted by Grant Cooksey airkitapps.com airkitapps-au.com airkitapps.eu // Aiven : https://aiven.io/ // Submitted by Aiven Security Team aiven.app aivencloud.com // Akamai : https://www.akamai.com/ // Submitted by Akamai Team akadns.net akamai.net akamai-staging.net akamaiedge.net akamaiedge-staging.net akamaihd.net akamaihd-staging.net akamaiorigin.net akamaiorigin-staging.net akamaized.net akamaized-staging.net edgekey.net edgekey-staging.net edgesuite.net edgesuite-staging.net // alboto.ca : http://alboto.ca // Submitted by Anton Avramov barsy.ca // Alces Software Ltd : http://alces-software.com // Submitted by Mark J. Titorenko *.compute.estate *.alces.network // Alibaba Cloud API Gateway // Submitted by Alibaba Cloud Security alibabacloudcs.com // all-inkl.com : https://all-inkl.com // Submitted by Werner Kaltofen kasserver.com // Altervista : https://www.altervista.org // Submitted by Carlo Cannas altervista.org // alwaysdata : https://www.alwaysdata.com // Submitted by Cyril alwaysdata.net // Amaze Software : https://amaze.co // Submitted by Domain Admin myamaze.net // Amazon : https://www.amazon.com/ // Submitted by AWS Security // Subsections of Amazon/subsidiaries will appear until "concludes" tag // Amazon API Gateway // Submitted by AWS Security // Reference: 6a4f5a95-8c7d-4077-a7af-9cf1abec0a53 execute-api.cn-north-1.amazonaws.com.cn execute-api.cn-northwest-1.amazonaws.com.cn execute-api.af-south-1.amazonaws.com execute-api.ap-east-1.amazonaws.com execute-api.ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com execute-api.ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com execute-api.ap-northeast-3.amazonaws.com execute-api.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com execute-api.ap-south-2.amazonaws.com execute-api.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com execute-api.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com execute-api.ap-southeast-3.amazonaws.com execute-api.ap-southeast-4.amazonaws.com execute-api.ap-southeast-5.amazonaws.com execute-api.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com execute-api.ca-west-1.amazonaws.com execute-api.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com execute-api.eu-central-2.amazonaws.com execute-api.eu-north-1.amazonaws.com execute-api.eu-south-1.amazonaws.com execute-api.eu-south-2.amazonaws.com execute-api.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com execute-api.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com execute-api.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com execute-api.il-central-1.amazonaws.com execute-api.me-central-1.amazonaws.com execute-api.me-south-1.amazonaws.com execute-api.sa-east-1.amazonaws.com execute-api.us-east-1.amazonaws.com execute-api.us-east-2.amazonaws.com execute-api.us-gov-east-1.amazonaws.com execute-api.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com execute-api.us-west-1.amazonaws.com execute-api.us-west-2.amazonaws.com // Amazon CloudFront // Submitted by Donavan Miller // Reference: 54144616-fd49-4435-8535-19c6a601bdb3 cloudfront.net // Amazon Cognito // Submitted by AWS Security // Reference: cb38c251-c93d-4cda-81ec-e72c4f0fdb72 auth.af-south-1.amazoncognito.com auth.ap-east-1.amazoncognito.com auth.ap-northeast-1.amazoncognito.com auth.ap-northeast-2.amazoncognito.com auth.ap-northeast-3.amazoncognito.com auth.ap-south-1.amazoncognito.com auth.ap-south-2.amazoncognito.com auth.ap-southeast-1.amazoncognito.com auth.ap-southeast-2.amazoncognito.com auth.ap-southeast-3.amazoncognito.com auth.ap-southeast-4.amazoncognito.com auth.ca-central-1.amazoncognito.com auth.ca-west-1.amazoncognito.com auth.eu-central-1.amazoncognito.com auth.eu-central-2.amazoncognito.com auth.eu-north-1.amazoncognito.com auth.eu-south-1.amazoncognito.com auth.eu-south-2.amazoncognito.com auth.eu-west-1.amazoncognito.com auth.eu-west-2.amazoncognito.com auth.eu-west-3.amazoncognito.com auth.il-central-1.amazoncognito.com auth.me-central-1.amazoncognito.com auth.me-south-1.amazoncognito.com auth.sa-east-1.amazoncognito.com auth.us-east-1.amazoncognito.com auth-fips.us-east-1.amazoncognito.com auth.us-east-2.amazoncognito.com auth-fips.us-east-2.amazoncognito.com auth-fips.us-gov-west-1.amazoncognito.com auth.us-west-1.amazoncognito.com auth-fips.us-west-1.amazoncognito.com auth.us-west-2.amazoncognito.com auth-fips.us-west-2.amazoncognito.com // Amazon EC2 // Submitted by Luke Wells // Reference: 4c38fa71-58ac-4768-99e5-689c1767e537 *.compute.amazonaws.com.cn *.compute.amazonaws.com *.compute-1.amazonaws.com us-east-1.amazonaws.com // Amazon EMR // Submitted by AWS Security // Reference: 82f43f9f-bbb8-400e-8349-854f5a62f20d emrappui-prod.cn-north-1.amazonaws.com.cn emrnotebooks-prod.cn-north-1.amazonaws.com.cn emrstudio-prod.cn-north-1.amazonaws.com.cn emrappui-prod.cn-northwest-1.amazonaws.com.cn emrnotebooks-prod.cn-northwest-1.amazonaws.com.cn emrstudio-prod.cn-northwest-1.amazonaws.com.cn emrappui-prod.af-south-1.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.af-south-1.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.af-south-1.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.ap-east-1.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.ap-east-1.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.ap-east-1.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.ap-northeast-3.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.ap-northeast-3.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.ap-northeast-3.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.ap-south-2.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.ap-south-2.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.ap-south-2.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.ap-southeast-3.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.ap-southeast-3.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.ap-southeast-3.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.ap-southeast-4.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.ap-southeast-4.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.ap-southeast-4.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.ca-west-1.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.ca-west-1.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.ca-west-1.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.eu-central-2.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.eu-central-2.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.eu-central-2.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.eu-north-1.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.eu-north-1.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.eu-north-1.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.eu-south-1.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.eu-south-1.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.eu-south-1.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.eu-south-2.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.eu-south-2.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.eu-south-2.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.il-central-1.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.il-central-1.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.il-central-1.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.me-central-1.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.me-central-1.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.me-central-1.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.me-south-1.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.me-south-1.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.me-south-1.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.sa-east-1.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.sa-east-1.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.sa-east-1.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.us-east-1.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.us-east-1.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.us-east-1.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.us-east-2.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.us-east-2.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.us-east-2.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.us-gov-east-1.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.us-gov-east-1.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.us-gov-east-1.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.us-west-1.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.us-west-1.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.us-west-1.amazonaws.com emrappui-prod.us-west-2.amazonaws.com emrnotebooks-prod.us-west-2.amazonaws.com emrstudio-prod.us-west-2.amazonaws.com // Amazon Managed Workflows for Apache Airflow // Submitted by AWS Security // Reference: f5ea5d0a-ec6a-4f23-ac1c-553fbff13f5c *.cn-north-1.airflow.amazonaws.com.cn *.cn-northwest-1.airflow.amazonaws.com.cn *.af-south-1.airflow.amazonaws.com *.ap-east-1.airflow.amazonaws.com *.ap-northeast-1.airflow.amazonaws.com *.ap-northeast-2.airflow.amazonaws.com *.ap-northeast-3.airflow.amazonaws.com *.ap-south-1.airflow.amazonaws.com *.ap-south-2.airflow.amazonaws.com *.ap-southeast-1.airflow.amazonaws.com *.ap-southeast-2.airflow.amazonaws.com *.ap-southeast-3.airflow.amazonaws.com *.ap-southeast-4.airflow.amazonaws.com *.ca-central-1.airflow.amazonaws.com *.ca-west-1.airflow.amazonaws.com *.eu-central-1.airflow.amazonaws.com *.eu-central-2.airflow.amazonaws.com *.eu-north-1.airflow.amazonaws.com *.eu-south-1.airflow.amazonaws.com *.eu-south-2.airflow.amazonaws.com *.eu-west-1.airflow.amazonaws.com *.eu-west-2.airflow.amazonaws.com *.eu-west-3.airflow.amazonaws.com *.il-central-1.airflow.amazonaws.com *.me-central-1.airflow.amazonaws.com *.me-south-1.airflow.amazonaws.com *.sa-east-1.airflow.amazonaws.com *.us-east-1.airflow.amazonaws.com *.us-east-2.airflow.amazonaws.com *.us-west-1.airflow.amazonaws.com *.us-west-2.airflow.amazonaws.com // Amazon S3 // Submitted by AWS Security // Reference: ada5c9df-55e1-4195-a1ce-732d6c81e357 s3.dualstack.cn-north-1.amazonaws.com.cn s3-accesspoint.dualstack.cn-north-1.amazonaws.com.cn s3-website.dualstack.cn-north-1.amazonaws.com.cn s3.cn-north-1.amazonaws.com.cn s3-accesspoint.cn-north-1.amazonaws.com.cn s3-deprecated.cn-north-1.amazonaws.com.cn s3-object-lambda.cn-north-1.amazonaws.com.cn s3-website.cn-north-1.amazonaws.com.cn s3.dualstack.cn-northwest-1.amazonaws.com.cn s3-accesspoint.dualstack.cn-northwest-1.amazonaws.com.cn s3.cn-northwest-1.amazonaws.com.cn s3-accesspoint.cn-northwest-1.amazonaws.com.cn s3-object-lambda.cn-northwest-1.amazonaws.com.cn s3-website.cn-northwest-1.amazonaws.com.cn s3.dualstack.af-south-1.amazonaws.com 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s3.dualstack.us-gov-east-1.amazonaws.com s3-accesspoint.dualstack.us-gov-east-1.amazonaws.com s3-accesspoint-fips.dualstack.us-gov-east-1.amazonaws.com s3-fips.dualstack.us-gov-east-1.amazonaws.com s3.us-gov-east-1.amazonaws.com s3-accesspoint.us-gov-east-1.amazonaws.com s3-accesspoint-fips.us-gov-east-1.amazonaws.com s3-fips.us-gov-east-1.amazonaws.com s3-object-lambda.us-gov-east-1.amazonaws.com s3-website.us-gov-east-1.amazonaws.com s3.dualstack.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-accesspoint.dualstack.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-accesspoint-fips.dualstack.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-fips.dualstack.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-accesspoint.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-accesspoint-fips.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-fips.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-object-lambda.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-website.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com s3.dualstack.us-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-accesspoint.dualstack.us-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-accesspoint-fips.dualstack.us-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-fips.dualstack.us-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-website.dualstack.us-west-1.amazonaws.com s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-accesspoint.us-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-accesspoint-fips.us-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-fips.us-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-object-lambda.us-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-website.us-west-1.amazonaws.com s3.dualstack.us-west-2.amazonaws.com s3-accesspoint.dualstack.us-west-2.amazonaws.com s3-accesspoint-fips.dualstack.us-west-2.amazonaws.com s3-fips.dualstack.us-west-2.amazonaws.com s3-website.dualstack.us-west-2.amazonaws.com s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com s3-accesspoint.us-west-2.amazonaws.com s3-accesspoint-fips.us-west-2.amazonaws.com s3-deprecated.us-west-2.amazonaws.com s3-fips.us-west-2.amazonaws.com s3-object-lambda.us-west-2.amazonaws.com s3-website.us-west-2.amazonaws.com // Amazon SageMaker Ground Truth // Submitted by AWS Security // Reference: 98dbfde4-7802-48c3-8751-b60f204e0d9c labeling.ap-northeast-1.sagemaker.aws labeling.ap-northeast-2.sagemaker.aws labeling.ap-south-1.sagemaker.aws labeling.ap-southeast-1.sagemaker.aws labeling.ap-southeast-2.sagemaker.aws labeling.ca-central-1.sagemaker.aws labeling.eu-central-1.sagemaker.aws labeling.eu-west-1.sagemaker.aws labeling.eu-west-2.sagemaker.aws labeling.us-east-1.sagemaker.aws labeling.us-east-2.sagemaker.aws labeling.us-west-2.sagemaker.aws // Amazon SageMaker Notebook Instances // Submitted by AWS Security // Reference: b5ea56df-669e-43cc-9537-14aa172f5dfc notebook.af-south-1.sagemaker.aws notebook.ap-east-1.sagemaker.aws notebook.ap-northeast-1.sagemaker.aws notebook.ap-northeast-2.sagemaker.aws notebook.ap-northeast-3.sagemaker.aws notebook.ap-south-1.sagemaker.aws notebook.ap-south-2.sagemaker.aws notebook.ap-southeast-1.sagemaker.aws notebook.ap-southeast-2.sagemaker.aws notebook.ap-southeast-3.sagemaker.aws notebook.ap-southeast-4.sagemaker.aws notebook.ca-central-1.sagemaker.aws notebook-fips.ca-central-1.sagemaker.aws notebook.ca-west-1.sagemaker.aws notebook-fips.ca-west-1.sagemaker.aws notebook.eu-central-1.sagemaker.aws notebook.eu-central-2.sagemaker.aws notebook.eu-north-1.sagemaker.aws notebook.eu-south-1.sagemaker.aws notebook.eu-south-2.sagemaker.aws notebook.eu-west-1.sagemaker.aws notebook.eu-west-2.sagemaker.aws notebook.eu-west-3.sagemaker.aws notebook.il-central-1.sagemaker.aws notebook.me-central-1.sagemaker.aws notebook.me-south-1.sagemaker.aws notebook.sa-east-1.sagemaker.aws notebook.us-east-1.sagemaker.aws notebook-fips.us-east-1.sagemaker.aws notebook.us-east-2.sagemaker.aws notebook-fips.us-east-2.sagemaker.aws notebook.us-gov-east-1.sagemaker.aws notebook-fips.us-gov-east-1.sagemaker.aws notebook.us-gov-west-1.sagemaker.aws notebook-fips.us-gov-west-1.sagemaker.aws notebook.us-west-1.sagemaker.aws notebook-fips.us-west-1.sagemaker.aws notebook.us-west-2.sagemaker.aws notebook-fips.us-west-2.sagemaker.aws notebook.cn-north-1.sagemaker.com.cn notebook.cn-northwest-1.sagemaker.com.cn // Amazon SageMaker Studio // Submitted by AWS Security // Reference: 475f237e-ab88-4041-9f41-7cfccdf66aeb studio.af-south-1.sagemaker.aws studio.ap-east-1.sagemaker.aws studio.ap-northeast-1.sagemaker.aws studio.ap-northeast-2.sagemaker.aws studio.ap-northeast-3.sagemaker.aws studio.ap-south-1.sagemaker.aws studio.ap-southeast-1.sagemaker.aws studio.ap-southeast-2.sagemaker.aws studio.ap-southeast-3.sagemaker.aws studio.ca-central-1.sagemaker.aws studio.eu-central-1.sagemaker.aws studio.eu-central-2.sagemaker.aws studio.eu-north-1.sagemaker.aws studio.eu-south-1.sagemaker.aws studio.eu-south-2.sagemaker.aws studio.eu-west-1.sagemaker.aws studio.eu-west-2.sagemaker.aws studio.eu-west-3.sagemaker.aws studio.il-central-1.sagemaker.aws studio.me-central-1.sagemaker.aws studio.me-south-1.sagemaker.aws studio.sa-east-1.sagemaker.aws studio.us-east-1.sagemaker.aws studio.us-east-2.sagemaker.aws studio.us-gov-east-1.sagemaker.aws studio-fips.us-gov-east-1.sagemaker.aws studio.us-gov-west-1.sagemaker.aws studio-fips.us-gov-west-1.sagemaker.aws studio.us-west-1.sagemaker.aws studio.us-west-2.sagemaker.aws studio.cn-north-1.sagemaker.com.cn studio.cn-northwest-1.sagemaker.com.cn // Amazon SageMaker with MLflow // Submited by: AWS Security // Reference: c19f92b3-a82a-452d-8189-831b572eea7e *.experiments.sagemaker.aws // Analytics on AWS // Submitted by AWS Security // Reference: 955f9f40-a495-4e73-ae85-67b77ac9cadd analytics-gateway.ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com analytics-gateway.ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com analytics-gateway.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com analytics-gateway.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com analytics-gateway.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com analytics-gateway.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com analytics-gateway.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com analytics-gateway.us-east-1.amazonaws.com analytics-gateway.us-east-2.amazonaws.com analytics-gateway.us-west-2.amazonaws.com // Appwrite : https://appwrite.io // Submitted by Steven Nguyen appwrite.global *.appwrite.run // AWS Amplify // Submitted by AWS Security // Reference: c35bed18-6f4f-424f-9298-5756f2f7d72b amplifyapp.com // AWS App Runner // Submitted by AWS Security // Reference: 6828c008-ba5d-442f-ade5-48da4e7c2316 *.awsapprunner.com // AWS Cloud9 // Submitted by: AWS Security // Reference: 30717f72-4007-4f0f-8ed4-864c6f2efec9 webview-assets.aws-cloud9.af-south-1.amazonaws.com vfs.cloud9.af-south-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.cloud9.af-south-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.aws-cloud9.ap-east-1.amazonaws.com vfs.cloud9.ap-east-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.cloud9.ap-east-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.aws-cloud9.ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com vfs.cloud9.ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.cloud9.ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.aws-cloud9.ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com vfs.cloud9.ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com webview-assets.cloud9.ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com webview-assets.aws-cloud9.ap-northeast-3.amazonaws.com vfs.cloud9.ap-northeast-3.amazonaws.com webview-assets.cloud9.ap-northeast-3.amazonaws.com webview-assets.aws-cloud9.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com vfs.cloud9.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.cloud9.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.aws-cloud9.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com vfs.cloud9.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.cloud9.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.aws-cloud9.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com vfs.cloud9.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com webview-assets.cloud9.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com webview-assets.aws-cloud9.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com vfs.cloud9.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.cloud9.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.aws-cloud9.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com vfs.cloud9.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.cloud9.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.aws-cloud9.eu-north-1.amazonaws.com vfs.cloud9.eu-north-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.cloud9.eu-north-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.aws-cloud9.eu-south-1.amazonaws.com vfs.cloud9.eu-south-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.cloud9.eu-south-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.aws-cloud9.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com vfs.cloud9.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.cloud9.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.aws-cloud9.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com vfs.cloud9.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com webview-assets.cloud9.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com webview-assets.aws-cloud9.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com vfs.cloud9.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com webview-assets.cloud9.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com webview-assets.aws-cloud9.il-central-1.amazonaws.com vfs.cloud9.il-central-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.aws-cloud9.me-south-1.amazonaws.com vfs.cloud9.me-south-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.cloud9.me-south-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.aws-cloud9.sa-east-1.amazonaws.com vfs.cloud9.sa-east-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.cloud9.sa-east-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.aws-cloud9.us-east-1.amazonaws.com vfs.cloud9.us-east-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.cloud9.us-east-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.aws-cloud9.us-east-2.amazonaws.com vfs.cloud9.us-east-2.amazonaws.com webview-assets.cloud9.us-east-2.amazonaws.com webview-assets.aws-cloud9.us-west-1.amazonaws.com vfs.cloud9.us-west-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.cloud9.us-west-1.amazonaws.com webview-assets.aws-cloud9.us-west-2.amazonaws.com vfs.cloud9.us-west-2.amazonaws.com webview-assets.cloud9.us-west-2.amazonaws.com // AWS Directory Service // Submitted by AWS Security // Reference: a13203e8-42dc-4045-a0d2-2ee67bed1068 awsapps.com // AWS Elastic Beanstalk // Submitted by AWS Security // Reference: bb5a965c-dec3-4967-aa22-e306ad064797 cn-north-1.eb.amazonaws.com.cn cn-northwest-1.eb.amazonaws.com.cn elasticbeanstalk.com af-south-1.elasticbeanstalk.com ap-east-1.elasticbeanstalk.com ap-northeast-1.elasticbeanstalk.com ap-northeast-2.elasticbeanstalk.com ap-northeast-3.elasticbeanstalk.com ap-south-1.elasticbeanstalk.com ap-southeast-1.elasticbeanstalk.com ap-southeast-2.elasticbeanstalk.com ap-southeast-3.elasticbeanstalk.com ca-central-1.elasticbeanstalk.com eu-central-1.elasticbeanstalk.com eu-north-1.elasticbeanstalk.com eu-south-1.elasticbeanstalk.com eu-west-1.elasticbeanstalk.com eu-west-2.elasticbeanstalk.com eu-west-3.elasticbeanstalk.com il-central-1.elasticbeanstalk.com me-south-1.elasticbeanstalk.com sa-east-1.elasticbeanstalk.com us-east-1.elasticbeanstalk.com us-east-2.elasticbeanstalk.com us-gov-east-1.elasticbeanstalk.com us-gov-west-1.elasticbeanstalk.com us-west-1.elasticbeanstalk.com us-west-2.elasticbeanstalk.com // (AWS) Elastic Load Balancing // Submitted by Luke Wells // Reference: 12a3d528-1bac-4433-a359-a395867ffed2 *.elb.amazonaws.com.cn *.elb.amazonaws.com // AWS Global Accelerator // Submitted by Daniel Massaguer // Reference: d916759d-a08b-4241-b536-4db887383a6a awsglobalaccelerator.com // AWS re:Post Private // Submitted by AWS Security // Reference: 83385945-225f-416e-9aa0-ad0632bfdcee *.private.repost.aws // AWS Transfer Family web apps // Submitted by AWS Security // Reference: 67e9cfe6-ac57-49c7-b197-6652711c8e8d transfer-webapp.ap-northeast-1.on.aws transfer-webapp.ap-southeast-1.on.aws transfer-webapp.ap-southeast-2.on.aws transfer-webapp.eu-central-1.on.aws transfer-webapp.eu-north-1.on.aws transfer-webapp.eu-west-1.on.aws transfer-webapp.us-east-1.on.aws transfer-webapp.us-east-2.on.aws transfer-webapp.us-west-2.on.aws // eero // Submitted by Yue Kang // Reference: 264afe70-f62c-4c02-8ab9-b5281ed24461 eero.online eero-stage.online // concludes Amazon // Apigee : https://apigee.com/ // Submitted by Apigee Security Team apigee.io // Apis Networks : https://apisnetworks.com // Submitted by Matt Saladna panel.dev // Apphud : https://apphud.com // Submitted by Alexander Selivanov siiites.com // Appspace : https://www.appspace.com // Submitted by Appspace Security Team appspacehosted.com appspaceusercontent.com // Appudo UG (haftungsbeschränkt) : https://www.appudo.com // Submitted by Alexander Hochbaum appudo.net // Aptible : https://www.aptible.com/ // Submitted by Thomas Orozco on-aptible.com // Aquapal : https://aquapal.net/ // Submitted by Aki Ueno f5.si // ArvanCloud EdgeCompute // Submitted by ArvanCloud CDN arvanedge.ir // ASEINet : https://www.aseinet.com/ // Submitted by Asei SEKIGUCHI user.aseinet.ne.jp gv.vc d.gv.vc // Asociación Amigos de la Informática "Euskalamiga" : http://encounter.eus/ // Submitted by Hector Martin user.party.eus // Association potager.org : https://potager.org/ // Submitted by Lunar pimienta.org poivron.org potager.org sweetpepper.org // ASUSTOR Inc. : http://www.asustor.com // Submitted by Vincent Tseng myasustor.com // Atlassian : https://atlassian.com // Submitted by Sam Smyth cdn.prod.atlassian-dev.net // Authentick UG (haftungsbeschränkt) : https://authentick.net // Submitted by Lukas Reschke translated.page // AVM : https://avm.de // Submitted by Andreas Weise myfritz.link myfritz.net // AVStack Pte. Ltd. : https://avstack.io // Submitted by Jasper Hugo onavstack.net // AW AdvisorWebsites.com Software Inc : https://advisorwebsites.com // Submitted by James Kennedy *.awdev.ca *.advisor.ws // AZ.pl sp. z.o.o : https://az.pl // Submitted by Krzysztof Wolski ecommerce-shop.pl // b-data GmbH : https://www.b-data.io // Submitted by Olivier Benz b-data.io // Balena : https://www.balena.io // Submitted by Petros Angelatos balena-devices.com // BASE, Inc. : https://binc.jp // Submitted by Yuya NAGASAWA base.ec official.ec buyshop.jp fashionstore.jp handcrafted.jp kawaiishop.jp supersale.jp theshop.jp shopselect.net base.shop // BeagleBoard.org Foundation : https://beagleboard.org // Submitted by Jason Kridner beagleboard.io // Beget Ltd // Submitted by Lev Nekrasov *.beget.app // Besties : https://besties.house // Submitted by Hazel Cora pages.gay // BinaryLane : http://www.binarylane.com // Submitted by Nathan O'Sullivan bnr.la // Bitbucket : http://bitbucket.org // Submitted by Andy Ortlieb bitbucket.io // Blackbaud, Inc. : https://www.blackbaud.com // Submitted by Paul Crowder blackbaudcdn.net // Blatech : http://www.blatech.net // Submitted by Luke Bratch of.je // Block, Inc. : https://block.xyz // Submitted by Jonathan Boice square.site // Blue Bite, LLC : https://bluebite.com // Submitted by Joshua Weiss bluebite.io // Boomla : https://boomla.com // Submitted by Tibor Halter boomla.net // Boutir : https://www.boutir.com // Submitted by Eric Ng Ka Ka boutir.com // Boxfuse : https://boxfuse.com // Submitted by Axel Fontaine boxfuse.io // bplaced : https://www.bplaced.net/ // Submitted by Miroslav Bozic square7.ch bplaced.com bplaced.de square7.de bplaced.net square7.net // Brave : https://brave.com // Submitted by Andrea Brancaleoni brave.app *.s.brave.app brave.io *.s.brave.io // Brendly : https://brendly.rs // Submitted by Dusan Radovanovic shop.brendly.hr shop.brendly.rs // BrowserSafetyMark // Submitted by Dave Tharp browsersafetymark.io // BRS Media : https://brsmedia.com/ // Submitted by Gavin Brown radio.am radio.fm // Bubble : https://bubble.io/ // Submitted by Merlin Zhao cdn.bubble.io bubbleapps.io // Bytemark Hosting : https://www.bytemark.co.uk // Submitted by Paul Cammish uk0.bigv.io dh.bytemark.co.uk vm.bytemark.co.uk // Caf.js Labs LLC : https://www.cafjs.com // Submitted by Antonio Lain cafjs.com // Canva Pty Ltd : https://canva.com/ // Submitted by Joel Aquilina canva-apps.cn *.my.canvasite.cn canva-apps.com *.my.canva.site // Carrd : https://carrd.co // Submitted by AJ drr.ac uwu.ai carrd.co crd.co ju.mp // CDDO : https://www.gov.uk/guidance/get-an-api-domain-on-govuk // Submitted by Jamie Tanna api.gov.uk // CDN77.com : http://www.cdn77.com // Submitted by Jan Krpes cdn77-storage.com rsc.contentproxy9.cz r.cdn77.net cdn77-ssl.net c.cdn77.org rsc.cdn77.org ssl.origin.cdn77-secure.org // CentralNic : https://teaminternet.com/ // Submitted by registry za.bz br.com cn.com de.com eu.com jpn.com mex.com ru.com sa.com uk.com us.com za.com com.de gb.net hu.net jp.net se.net uk.net ae.org com.se // Cityhost LLC : https://cityhost.ua // Submitted by Maksym Rivtin cx.ua // Civilized Discourse Construction Kit, Inc. : https://www.discourse.org/ // Submitted by Rishabh Nambiar & Michael Brown discourse.group discourse.team // Clerk : https://www.clerk.dev // Submitted by Colin Sidoti clerk.app clerkstage.app *.lcl.dev *.lclstage.dev *.stg.dev *.stgstage.dev // Clever Cloud : https://www.clever-cloud.com/ // Submitted by Quentin Adam cleverapps.cc *.services.clever-cloud.com cleverapps.io cleverapps.tech // ClickRising : https://clickrising.com/ // Submitted by Umut Gumeli clickrising.net // Cloud DNS Ltd : http://www.cloudns.net // Submitted by Aleksander Hristov & Boyan Peychev cloudns.asia cloudns.be cloud-ip.biz cloudns.biz cloudns.cc cloudns.ch cloudns.cl cloudns.club dnsabr.com ip-ddns.com cloudns.cx cloudns.eu cloudns.in cloudns.info ddns-ip.net dns-cloud.net dns-dynamic.net cloudns.nz cloudns.org ip-dynamic.org cloudns.ph cloudns.pro cloudns.pw cloudns.us // Cloud66 : https://www.cloud66.com/ // Submitted by Khash Sajadi c66.me cloud66.ws cloud66.zone // CloudAccess.net : https://www.cloudaccess.net/ // Submitted by Pawel Panek jdevcloud.com wpdevcloud.com cloudaccess.host freesite.host cloudaccess.net // Cloudbees, Inc. : https://www.cloudbees.com/ // Submitted by Mohideen Shajith cloudbeesusercontent.io // Cloudera, Inc. : https://www.cloudera.com/ // Submitted by Kedarnath Waikar *.cloudera.site // Cloudflare, Inc. : https://www.cloudflare.com/ // Submitted by Cloudflare Team cf-ipfs.com cloudflare-ipfs.com trycloudflare.com pages.dev r2.dev workers.dev cloudflare.net cdn.cloudflare.net cdn.cloudflareanycast.net cdn.cloudflarecn.net cdn.cloudflareglobal.net // cloudscale.ch AG : https://www.cloudscale.ch/ // Submitted by Gaudenz Steinlin cust.cloudscale.ch objects.lpg.cloudscale.ch objects.rma.cloudscale.ch // Clovyr : https://clovyr.io // Submitted by Patrick Nielsen wnext.app // CNPY : https://cnpy.gdn // Submitted by Angelo Gladding cnpy.gdn // Co & Co : https://co-co.nl/ // Submitted by Govert Versluis *.otap.co // co.ca : http://registry.co.ca/ co.ca // co.com Registry, LLC : https://registry.co.com // Submitted by Gavin Brown co.com // Codeberg e. V. : https://codeberg.org // Submitted by Moritz Marquardt codeberg.page // CodeSandbox B.V. : https://codesandbox.io // Submitted by Ives van Hoorne csb.app preview.csb.app // CoDNS B.V. co.nl co.no // Cognition AI, Inc. : https://cognition.ai // Submitted by Philip Papurt devinapps.com staging.devinapps.com // Combell.com : https://www.combell.com // Submitted by Thomas Wouters webhosting.be hosting-cluster.nl // Contentful GmbH : https://www.contentful.com // Submitted by Contentful Developer Experience Team ctfcloud.net // Convex : https://convex.dev/ // Submitted by James Cowling convex.site // Coordination Center for TLD RU and XN--P1AI : https://cctld.ru/en/domains/domens_ru/reserved/ // Submitted by George Georgievsky ac.ru edu.ru gov.ru int.ru mil.ru // COSIMO GmbH : http://www.cosimo.de // Submitted by Rene Marticke dyn.cosidns.de dnsupdater.de dynamisches-dns.de internet-dns.de l-o-g-i-n.de dynamic-dns.info feste-ip.net knx-server.net static-access.net // Craft Docs Ltd : https://www.craft.do/ // Submitted by Zsombor Fuszenecker craft.me // Craynic, s.r.o. : http://www.craynic.com/ // Submitted by Ales Krajnik realm.cz // Crisp IM SAS : https://crisp.chat/ // Submitted by Baptiste Jamin on.crisp.email // Cryptonomic : https://cryptonomic.net/ // Submitted by Andrew Cady *.cryptonomic.net // cyber_Folks S.A. : https://cyberfolks.pl // Submitted by Bartlomiej Kida cfolks.pl // cyon GmbH : https://www.cyon.ch/ // Submitted by Dominic Luechinger cyon.link cyon.site // Dansk.net : http://www.dansk.net/ // Submitted by Anani Voule biz.dk co.dk firm.dk reg.dk store.dk // dappnode.io : https://dappnode.io/ // Submitted by Abel Boldu / DAppNode Team dyndns.dappnode.io // Dark, Inc. : https://darklang.com // Submitted by Paul Biggar builtwithdark.com darklang.io // DataDetect, LLC. : https://datadetect.com // Submitted by Andrew Banchich demo.datadetect.com instance.datadetect.com // Datawire, Inc : https://www.datawire.io // Submitted by Richard Li edgestack.me // Datto, Inc. : https://www.datto.com/ // Submitted by Philipp Heckel dattolocal.com dattorelay.com dattoweb.com mydatto.com dattolocal.net mydatto.net // ddnss.de : https://www.ddnss.de/ // Submitted by Robert Niedziela ddnss.de dyn.ddnss.de dyndns.ddnss.de dyn-ip24.de dyndns1.de home-webserver.de dyn.home-webserver.de myhome-server.de ddnss.org // Debian : https://www.debian.org/ // Submitted by Peter Palfrader / Debian Sysadmin Team debian.net // Definima : http://www.definima.com/ // Submitted by Maxence Bitterli definima.io definima.net // Deno Land Inc : https://deno.com/ // Submitted by Luca Casonato deno.dev deno-staging.dev deno.net // deSEC : https://desec.io/ // Submitted by Peter Thomassen dedyn.io // Deta : https://www.deta.sh/ // Submitted by Aavash Shrestha deta.app deta.dev // dhosting.pl Sp. z o.o. : https://dhosting.pl/ // Submitted by Michal Kokoszkiewicz dfirma.pl dkonto.pl you2.pl // DigitalOcean App Platform : https://www.digitalocean.com/products/app-platform/ // Submitted by Braxton Huggins ondigitalocean.app // DigitalOcean Spaces : https://www.digitalocean.com/products/spaces/ // Submitted by Robin H. Johnson *.digitaloceanspaces.com // DigitalPlat : https://www.digitalplat.org/ // Submitted by Edward Hsing us.kg dpdns.org // Discord Inc : https://discord.com // Submitted by Sahn Lam discordsays.com discordsez.com // DNS Africa Ltd : https://dns.business // Submitted by Calvin Browne jozi.biz // DNShome : https://www.dnshome.de/ // Submitted by Norbert Auler dnshome.de // DotArai : https://www.dotarai.com/ // Submitted by Atsadawat Netcharadsang online.th shop.th // DrayTek Corp. : https://www.draytek.com/ // Submitted by Paul Fang drayddns.com // DreamCommerce : https://shoper.pl/ // Submitted by Konrad Kotarba shoparena.pl // DreamHost : http://www.dreamhost.com/ // Submitted by Andrew Farmer dreamhosters.com // Dreamyoungs, Inc. : https://durumis.com // Submitted by Infra Team durumis.com // Drobo : http://www.drobo.com/ // Submitted by Ricardo Padilha mydrobo.com // DuckDNS : http://www.duckdns.org/ // Submitted by Richard Harper duckdns.org // dy.fi : http://dy.fi/ // Submitted by Heikki Hannikainen dy.fi tunk.org // DynDNS.com : http://www.dyndns.com/services/dns/dyndns/ dyndns.biz for-better.biz for-more.biz for-some.biz for-the.biz selfip.biz webhop.biz ftpaccess.cc game-server.cc myphotos.cc scrapping.cc blogdns.com cechire.com dnsalias.com dnsdojo.com doesntexist.com dontexist.com doomdns.com dyn-o-saur.com dynalias.com dyndns-at-home.com dyndns-at-work.com dyndns-blog.com dyndns-free.com dyndns-home.com dyndns-ip.com dyndns-mail.com dyndns-office.com dyndns-pics.com dyndns-remote.com dyndns-server.com dyndns-web.com dyndns-wiki.com dyndns-work.com est-a-la-maison.com est-a-la-masion.com est-le-patron.com est-mon-blogueur.com from-ak.com from-al.com from-ar.com from-ca.com from-ct.com from-dc.com from-de.com from-fl.com from-ga.com from-hi.com from-ia.com from-id.com from-il.com from-in.com from-ks.com from-ky.com from-ma.com from-md.com from-mi.com from-mn.com from-mo.com from-ms.com from-mt.com from-nc.com from-nd.com from-ne.com from-nh.com from-nj.com from-nm.com from-nv.com from-oh.com from-ok.com from-or.com from-pa.com from-pr.com from-ri.com from-sc.com from-sd.com from-tn.com from-tx.com from-ut.com from-va.com from-vt.com from-wa.com from-wi.com from-wv.com from-wy.com getmyip.com gotdns.com hobby-site.com homelinux.com homeunix.com iamallama.com is-a-anarchist.com is-a-blogger.com is-a-bookkeeper.com is-a-bulls-fan.com is-a-caterer.com is-a-chef.com is-a-conservative.com is-a-cpa.com is-a-cubicle-slave.com is-a-democrat.com is-a-designer.com is-a-doctor.com is-a-financialadvisor.com is-a-geek.com is-a-green.com is-a-guru.com is-a-hard-worker.com is-a-hunter.com is-a-landscaper.com is-a-lawyer.com is-a-liberal.com is-a-libertarian.com is-a-llama.com is-a-musician.com is-a-nascarfan.com is-a-nurse.com is-a-painter.com is-a-personaltrainer.com is-a-photographer.com is-a-player.com is-a-republican.com is-a-rockstar.com is-a-socialist.com is-a-student.com is-a-teacher.com is-a-techie.com is-a-therapist.com is-an-accountant.com is-an-actor.com is-an-actress.com is-an-anarchist.com is-an-artist.com is-an-engineer.com is-an-entertainer.com is-certified.com is-gone.com is-into-anime.com is-into-cars.com is-into-cartoons.com is-into-games.com is-leet.com is-not-certified.com is-slick.com is-uberleet.com is-with-theband.com isa-geek.com isa-hockeynut.com issmarterthanyou.com likes-pie.com likescandy.com neat-url.com saves-the-whales.com selfip.com sells-for-less.com sells-for-u.com servebbs.com simple-url.com space-to-rent.com teaches-yoga.com writesthisblog.com ath.cx fuettertdasnetz.de isteingeek.de istmein.de lebtimnetz.de leitungsen.de traeumtgerade.de barrel-of-knowledge.info barrell-of-knowledge.info dyndns.info for-our.info groks-the.info groks-this.info here-for-more.info knowsitall.info selfip.info webhop.info forgot.her.name forgot.his.name at-band-camp.net blogdns.net broke-it.net buyshouses.net dnsalias.net dnsdojo.net does-it.net dontexist.net dynalias.net dynathome.net endofinternet.net from-az.net from-co.net from-la.net from-ny.net gets-it.net ham-radio-op.net homeftp.net homeip.net homelinux.net homeunix.net in-the-band.net is-a-chef.net is-a-geek.net isa-geek.net kicks-ass.net office-on-the.net podzone.net scrapper-site.net selfip.net sells-it.net servebbs.net serveftp.net thruhere.net webhop.net merseine.nu mine.nu shacknet.nu blogdns.org blogsite.org boldlygoingnowhere.org dnsalias.org dnsdojo.org doesntexist.org dontexist.org doomdns.org dvrdns.org dynalias.org dyndns.org go.dyndns.org home.dyndns.org endofinternet.org endoftheinternet.org from-me.org game-host.org gotdns.org hobby-site.org homedns.org homeftp.org homelinux.org homeunix.org is-a-bruinsfan.org is-a-candidate.org is-a-celticsfan.org is-a-chef.org is-a-geek.org is-a-knight.org is-a-linux-user.org is-a-patsfan.org is-a-soxfan.org is-found.org is-lost.org is-saved.org is-very-bad.org is-very-evil.org is-very-good.org is-very-nice.org is-very-sweet.org isa-geek.org kicks-ass.org misconfused.org podzone.org readmyblog.org selfip.org sellsyourhome.org servebbs.org serveftp.org servegame.org stuff-4-sale.org webhop.org better-than.tv dyndns.tv on-the-web.tv worse-than.tv is-by.us land-4-sale.us stuff-4-sale.us dyndns.ws mypets.ws // Dynu.com : https://www.dynu.com/ // Submitted by Sue Ye ddnsfree.com ddnsgeek.com giize.com gleeze.com kozow.com loseyourip.com ooguy.com theworkpc.com casacam.net dynu.net accesscam.org camdvr.org freeddns.org mywire.org webredirect.org myddns.rocks // dynv6 : https://dynv6.com // Submitted by Dominik Menke dynv6.net // E4YOU spol. s.r.o. : https://e4you.cz/ // Submitted by Vladimir Dudr e4.cz // Easypanel : https://easypanel.io // Submitted by Andrei Canta easypanel.app easypanel.host // EasyWP : https://www.easywp.com // Submitted by *.ewp.live // eDirect Corp. : https://hosting.url.com.tw/ // Submitted by C.S. chang twmail.cc twmail.net twmail.org mymailer.com.tw url.tw // Electromagnetic Field : https://www.emfcamp.org // 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net.eu.org ng.eu.org nl.eu.org no.eu.org nz.eu.org pl.eu.org pt.eu.org ro.eu.org ru.eu.org se.eu.org si.eu.org sk.eu.org tr.eu.org uk.eu.org us.eu.org // Eurobyte : https://eurobyte.ru // Submitted by Evgeniy Subbotin eurodir.ru // Evennode : http://www.evennode.com/ // Submitted by Michal Kralik eu-1.evennode.com eu-2.evennode.com eu-3.evennode.com eu-4.evennode.com us-1.evennode.com us-2.evennode.com us-3.evennode.com us-4.evennode.com // Evervault : https://evervault.com // Submitted by Hannah Neary relay.evervault.app relay.evervault.dev // Expo : https://expo.dev/ // Submitted by James Ide expo.app staging.expo.app // Fabrica Technologies, Inc. : https://www.fabrica.dev/ // Submitted by Eric Jiang onfabrica.com // FAITID : https://faitid.org/ // Submitted by Maxim Alzoba // https://www.flexireg.net/stat_info ru.net adygeya.ru bashkiria.ru bir.ru cbg.ru com.ru dagestan.ru grozny.ru kalmykia.ru kustanai.ru marine.ru mordovia.ru msk.ru mytis.ru nalchik.ru nov.ru pyatigorsk.ru spb.ru vladikavkaz.ru vladimir.ru abkhazia.su adygeya.su aktyubinsk.su arkhangelsk.su armenia.su ashgabad.su azerbaijan.su balashov.su bashkiria.su bryansk.su bukhara.su chimkent.su dagestan.su east-kazakhstan.su exnet.su georgia.su grozny.su ivanovo.su jambyl.su kalmykia.su kaluga.su karacol.su karaganda.su karelia.su khakassia.su krasnodar.su kurgan.su kustanai.su lenug.su mangyshlak.su mordovia.su msk.su murmansk.su nalchik.su navoi.su north-kazakhstan.su nov.su obninsk.su penza.su pokrovsk.su sochi.su spb.su tashkent.su termez.su togliatti.su troitsk.su tselinograd.su tula.su tuva.su vladikavkaz.su vladimir.su vologda.su // Fancy Bits, LLC : http://getchannels.com // Submitted by Aman Gupta channelsdvr.net u.channelsdvr.net // Fastly Inc. : http://www.fastly.com/ // Submitted by Fastly Security edgecompute.app fastly-edge.com fastly-terrarium.com freetls.fastly.net map.fastly.net a.prod.fastly.net global.prod.fastly.net a.ssl.fastly.net b.ssl.fastly.net global.ssl.fastly.net fastlylb.net 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Maierhofer wien.funkfeuer.at // Future Versatile Group. : https://www.fvg-on.net/ // T.Kabu daemon.asia dix.asia mydns.bz 0am.jp 0g0.jp 0j0.jp 0t0.jp mydns.jp pgw.jp wjg.jp keyword-on.net live-on.net server-on.net mydns.tw mydns.vc // Futureweb GmbH : https://www.futureweb.at // Submitted by Andreas Schnederle-Wagner *.futurecms.at *.ex.futurecms.at *.in.futurecms.at futurehosting.at futuremailing.at *.ex.ortsinfo.at *.kunden.ortsinfo.at *.statics.cloud // GCom Internet : https://www.gcom.net.au // Submitted by Leo Julius aliases121.com // GDS : https://www.gov.uk/service-manual/technology/managing-domain-names // Submitted by Stephen Ford campaign.gov.uk service.gov.uk independent-commission.uk independent-inquest.uk independent-inquiry.uk independent-panel.uk independent-review.uk public-inquiry.uk royal-commission.uk // Gehirn Inc. : https://www.gehirn.co.jp/ // Submitted by Kohei YOSHIDA gehirn.ne.jp usercontent.jp // Gentlent, Inc. : https://www.gentlent.com // Submitted by Tom 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deca.jp deci.jp digick.jp egoism.jp fakefur.jp fem.jp flier.jp floppy.jp fool.jp frenchkiss.jp girlfriend.jp girly.jp gloomy.jp gonna.jp greater.jp hacca.jp heavy.jp her.jp hiho.jp hippy.jp holy.jp hungry.jp icurus.jp itigo.jp jellybean.jp kikirara.jp kill.jp kilo.jp kuron.jp littlestar.jp lolipopmc.jp lolitapunk.jp lomo.jp lovepop.jp lovesick.jp main.jp mods.jp mond.jp mongolian.jp moo.jp namaste.jp nikita.jp nobushi.jp noor.jp oops.jp parallel.jp parasite.jp pecori.jp peewee.jp penne.jp pepper.jp perma.jp pigboat.jp pinoko.jp punyu.jp pupu.jp pussycat.jp pya.jp raindrop.jp readymade.jp sadist.jp schoolbus.jp secret.jp staba.jp stripper.jp sub.jp sunnyday.jp thick.jp tonkotsu.jp under.jp upper.jp velvet.jp verse.jp versus.jp vivian.jp watson.jp weblike.jp whitesnow.jp zombie.jp heteml.net // GoDaddy Registry : https://registry.godaddy // Submitted by Rohan Durrant graphic.design // GoIP DNS Services : http://www.goip.de // Submitted by Christian Poulter goip.de // Google, Inc. // Submitted by Shannon McCabe *.hosted.app *.run.app web.app *.0emm.com appspot.com *.r.appspot.com blogspot.com codespot.com googleapis.com googlecode.com pagespeedmobilizer.com withgoogle.com withyoutube.com *.gateway.dev cloud.goog translate.goog *.usercontent.goog cloudfunctions.net // Goupile : https://goupile.fr // Submitted by Niels Martignene goupile.fr // GOV.UK Pay : https://www.payments.service.gov.uk/ // Submitted by Richard Baker pymnt.uk // GOV.UK Platform as a Service : https://www.cloud.service.gov.uk/ // Submitted by Tom Whitwell cloudapps.digital london.cloudapps.digital // Government of the Netherlands : https://www.government.nl // Submitted by gov.nl // Grafana Labs : https://grafana.com/ // Submitted by Platform Engineering grafana-dev.net // GrayJay Web Solutions Inc. : https://grayjaysports.ca // Submitted by Matt Yamkowy grayjayleagues.com // GünstigBestellen : https://günstigbestellen.de // Submitted by Furkan Akkoc günstigbestellen.de günstigliefern.de // Häkkinen.fi : https://www.häkkinen.fi/ // Submitted by Eero Häkkinen häkkinen.fi // Harrison Network : https://hrsn.net // Submitted by William Harrison hrsn.dev // Hashbang : https://hashbang.sh hashbang.sh // Hasura : https://hasura.io // Submitted by Shahidh K Muhammed hasura.app hasura-app.io // Hatena Co., Ltd. : https://hatena.co.jp // Submitted by Masato Nakamura hatenablog.com hatenadiary.com hateblo.jp hatenablog.jp hatenadiary.jp hatenadiary.org // Heilbronn University of Applied Sciences - Faculty Informatics (GitLab Pages) : https://www.hs-heilbronn.de // Submitted by Richard Zowalla pages.it.hs-heilbronn.de pages-research.it.hs-heilbronn.de // HeiyuSpace : https://lazycat.cloud // Submitted by Xia Bin heiyu.space // Helio Networks : https://heliohost.org // Submitted by Ben Frede helioho.st heliohost.us // Hepforge : https://www.hepforge.org // Submitted by David Grellscheid hepforge.org // Heroku : https://www.heroku.com/ // Submitted by Shumon Huque herokuapp.com // Heyflow : https://www.heyflow.com // Submitted by Mirko Nitschke heyflow.page heyflow.site // Hibernating Rhinos // Submitted by Oren Eini ravendb.cloud ravendb.community development.run ravendb.run // home.pl S.A. : https://home.pl // Submitted by Krzysztof Wolski homesklep.pl // Homebase : https://homebase.id/ // Submitted by Jason Babo *.kin.one *.id.pub *.kin.pub // Hoplix : https://www.hoplix.com // Submitted by Danilo De Franco hoplix.shop // HOSTBIP REGISTRY : https://www.hostbip.com/ // Submitted by Atanunu Igbunuroghene orx.biz biz.gl biz.ng co.biz.ng dl.biz.ng go.biz.ng lg.biz.ng on.biz.ng col.ng firm.ng gen.ng ltd.ng ngo.ng plc.ng // HostFly : https://www.ie.ua // Submitted by Bohdan Dub ie.ua // HostyHosting : https://hostyhosting.com hostyhosting.io // Hugging Face : https://huggingface.co // Submitted by Eliott Coyac hf.space static.hf.space // Hypernode B.V. : https://www.hypernode.com/ // Submitted by Cipriano Groenendal hypernode.io // I-O DATA DEVICE, INC. : 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us.reclaim.cloud ch.trendhosting.cloud de.trendhosting.cloud jele.club dopaas.com paas.hosted-by-previder.com rag-cloud.hosteur.com rag-cloud-ch.hosteur.com jcloud.ik-server.com jcloud-ver-jpc.ik-server.com demo.jelastic.com paas.massivegrid.com jed.wafaicloud.com ryd.wafaicloud.com j.scaleforce.com.cy jelastic.dogado.eu fi.cloudplatform.fi demo.datacenter.fi paas.datacenter.fi jele.host mircloud.host paas.beebyte.io sekd1.beebyteapp.io jele.io jc.neen.it jcloud.kz cloudjiffy.net fra1-de.cloudjiffy.net west1-us.cloudjiffy.net jls-sto1.elastx.net jls-sto2.elastx.net jls-sto3.elastx.net fr-1.paas.massivegrid.net lon-1.paas.massivegrid.net lon-2.paas.massivegrid.net ny-1.paas.massivegrid.net ny-2.paas.massivegrid.net sg-1.paas.massivegrid.net jelastic.saveincloud.net nordeste-idc.saveincloud.net j.scaleforce.net sdscloud.pl unicloud.pl mircloud.ru enscaled.sg jele.site jelastic.team orangecloud.tn j.layershift.co.uk phx.enscaled.us mircloud.us // Jino : https://www.jino.ru // Submitted by Sergey Ulyashin myjino.ru *.hosting.myjino.ru *.landing.myjino.ru *.spectrum.myjino.ru *.vps.myjino.ru // Jotelulu S.L. : https://jotelulu.com // Submitted by Daniel Fariña jotelulu.cloud // JouwWeb B.V. : https://www.jouwweb.nl // Submitted by Camilo Sperberg webadorsite.com jouwweb.site // Joyent : https://www.joyent.com/ // Submitted by Brian Bennett *.cns.joyent.com *.triton.zone // JS.ORG : http://dns.js.org // Submitted by Stefan Keim js.org // KaasHosting : http://www.kaashosting.nl/ // Submitted by Wouter Bakker kaas.gg khplay.nl // Kapsi : https://kapsi.fi // Submitted by Tomi Juntunen kapsi.fi // Katholieke Universiteit Leuven : https://www.kuleuven.be // Submitted by Abuse KU Leuven ezproxy.kuleuven.be kuleuven.cloud // Keyweb AG : https://www.keyweb.de // Submitted by Martin Dannehl keymachine.de // KingHost : https://king.host // Submitted by Felipe Keller Braz kinghost.net uni5.net // KnightPoint Systems, LLC : http://www.knightpoint.com/ // Submitted by Roy Keene 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eastasia.azurestaticapps.net eastus2.azurestaticapps.net westeurope.azurestaticapps.net westus2.azurestaticapps.net azurewebsites.net cloudapp.net trafficmanager.net blob.core.windows.net servicebus.windows.net // MikroTik : https://mikrotik.com // Submitted by MikroTik SysAdmin Team routingthecloud.com sn.mynetname.net routingthecloud.net routingthecloud.org // minion.systems : http://minion.systems // Submitted by Robert Böttinger csx.cc // Mittwald CM Service GmbH & Co. KG : https://mittwald.de // Submitted by Marco Rieger mydbserver.com webspaceconfig.de mittwald.info mittwaldserver.info typo3server.info project.space // MODX Systems LLC : https://modx.com // Submitted by Elizabeth Southwell modx.dev // Mozilla Foundation : https://mozilla.org/ // Submitted by glob bmoattachments.org // MSK-IX : https://www.msk-ix.ru/ // Submitted by Khannanov Roman net.ru org.ru pp.ru // Mythic Beasts : https://www.mythic-beasts.com // Submitted by Paul Cammish hostedpi.com caracal.mythic-beasts.com customer.mythic-beasts.com fentiger.mythic-beasts.com lynx.mythic-beasts.com ocelot.mythic-beasts.com oncilla.mythic-beasts.com onza.mythic-beasts.com sphinx.mythic-beasts.com vs.mythic-beasts.com x.mythic-beasts.com yali.mythic-beasts.com cust.retrosnub.co.uk // Nabu Casa : https://www.nabucasa.com // Submitted by Paulus Schoutsen ui.nabu.casa // Net at Work Gmbh : https://www.netatwork.de // Submitted by Jan Jaeschke cloud.nospamproxy.com o365.cloud.nospamproxy.com // Net libre : https://www.netlib.re // Submitted by Philippe PITTOLI netlib.re // Netfy Domains : https://netfy.domains // Submitted by Suranga Ranasinghe netfy.app // Netlify : https://www.netlify.com // Submitted by Jessica Parsons netlify.app // Neustar Inc. // Submitted by Trung Tran 4u.com // NFSN, Inc. : https://www.NearlyFreeSpeech.NET/ // Submitted by Jeff Wheelhouse nfshost.com // NFT.Storage : https://nft.storage/ // Submitted by Vasco Santos or ipfs.nftstorage.link // NGO.US Registry : https://nic.ngo.us // Submitted by Alstra Solutions Ltd. Networking Team ngo.us // ngrok : https://ngrok.com/ // Submitted by Alan Shreve ngrok.app ngrok-free.app ngrok.dev ngrok-free.dev ngrok.io ap.ngrok.io au.ngrok.io eu.ngrok.io in.ngrok.io jp.ngrok.io sa.ngrok.io us.ngrok.io ngrok.pizza ngrok.pro // Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun - MSK TORMAN : https://www.man.torun.pl torun.pl // Nimbus Hosting Ltd. : https://www.nimbushosting.co.uk/ // Submitted by Nicholas Ford nh-serv.co.uk nimsite.uk // No-IP.com : https://noip.com/ // Submitted by Deven Reza mmafan.biz myftp.biz no-ip.biz no-ip.ca fantasyleague.cc gotdns.ch 3utilities.com blogsyte.com ciscofreak.com damnserver.com ddnsking.com ditchyourip.com dnsiskinky.com dynns.com geekgalaxy.com health-carereform.com homesecuritymac.com homesecuritypc.com myactivedirectory.com mysecuritycamera.com myvnc.com net-freaks.com onthewifi.com point2this.com quicksytes.com securitytactics.com servebeer.com servecounterstrike.com serveexchange.com serveftp.com servegame.com servehalflife.com servehttp.com servehumour.com serveirc.com servemp3.com servep2p.com servepics.com servequake.com servesarcasm.com stufftoread.com unusualperson.com workisboring.com dvrcam.info ilovecollege.info no-ip.info brasilia.me ddns.me dnsfor.me hopto.me loginto.me noip.me webhop.me bounceme.net ddns.net eating-organic.net mydissent.net myeffect.net mymediapc.net mypsx.net mysecuritycamera.net nhlfan.net no-ip.net pgafan.net privatizehealthinsurance.net redirectme.net serveblog.net serveminecraft.net sytes.net cable-modem.org collegefan.org couchpotatofries.org hopto.org mlbfan.org myftp.org mysecuritycamera.org nflfan.org no-ip.org read-books.org ufcfan.org zapto.org no-ip.co.uk golffan.us noip.us pointto.us // NodeArt : https://nodeart.io // Submitted by Konstantin Nosov stage.nodeart.io // Noop : https://noop.app // Submitted by Nathaniel Schweinberg *.developer.app noop.app // Northflank Ltd. : https://northflank.com/ // Submitted by Marco Suter *.northflank.app *.build.run *.code.run 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priv.at // PROJECT ELIV : https://eliv.kr/ // Submitted by ELIV Team c01.kr eliv-dns.kr // Protonet GmbH : http://protonet.io // Submitted by Martin Meier protonet.io // PSL Sandbox : https://psl.hrsn.dev // Submitted by William Harrison sub.psl.hrsn.dev *.wc.psl.hrsn.dev !ignored.wc.psl.hrsn.dev *.sub.wc.psl.hrsn.dev !ignored.sub.wc.psl.hrsn.dev // Publication Presse Communication SARL : https://ppcom.fr // Submitted by Yaacov Akiba Slama chirurgiens-dentistes-en-france.fr byen.site // pubtls.org : https://www.pubtls.org // Submitted by Kor Nielsen pubtls.org // PythonAnywhere LLP : https://www.pythonanywhere.com // Submitted by Giles Thomas pythonanywhere.com eu.pythonanywhere.com // QA2 // Submitted by Daniel Dent : https://www.danieldent.com/ qa2.com // QCX // Submitted by Cassandra Beelen qcx.io *.sys.qcx.io // QNAP System Inc : https://www.qnap.com // Submitted by Nick Chang myqnapcloud.cn alpha-myqnapcloud.com dev-myqnapcloud.com mycloudnas.com mynascloud.com myqnapcloud.com // 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OpenShift : https://openshift.redhat.com/ // Submitted by Tim Kramer rhcloud.com // Redgate Software : https://red-gate.com // Submitted by Andrew Farries instances.spawn.cc // Render : https://render.com // Submitted by Anurag Goel onrender.com app.render.com // Repl.it : https://repl.it // Submitted by Lincoln Bergeson replit.app id.replit.app firewalledreplit.co id.firewalledreplit.co repl.co id.repl.co replit.dev archer.replit.dev bones.replit.dev canary.replit.dev global.replit.dev hacker.replit.dev id.replit.dev janeway.replit.dev kim.replit.dev kira.replit.dev kirk.replit.dev odo.replit.dev paris.replit.dev picard.replit.dev pike.replit.dev prerelease.replit.dev reed.replit.dev riker.replit.dev sisko.replit.dev spock.replit.dev staging.replit.dev sulu.replit.dev tarpit.replit.dev teams.replit.dev tucker.replit.dev wesley.replit.dev worf.replit.dev repl.run // Resin.io : https://resin.io // Submitted by Tim Perry resindevice.io devices.resinstaging.io // RethinkDB : 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Submitted by Tech Support ras.ru // Sakura Frp : https://www.natfrp.com // Submitted by Bobo Liu nyat.app // SAKURA Internet Inc. : https://www.sakura.ad.jp/ // Submitted by Internet Service Department 180r.com dojin.com sakuratan.com sakuraweb.com x0.com 2-d.jp bona.jp crap.jp daynight.jp eek.jp flop.jp halfmoon.jp jeez.jp matrix.jp mimoza.jp ivory.ne.jp mail-box.ne.jp mints.ne.jp mokuren.ne.jp opal.ne.jp sakura.ne.jp sumomo.ne.jp topaz.ne.jp netgamers.jp nyanta.jp o0o0.jp rdy.jp rgr.jp rulez.jp s3.isk01.sakurastorage.jp s3.isk02.sakurastorage.jp saloon.jp sblo.jp skr.jp tank.jp uh-oh.jp undo.jp rs.webaccel.jp user.webaccel.jp websozai.jp xii.jp squares.net jpn.org kirara.st x0.to from.tv sakura.tv // Salesforce.com, Inc. : https://salesforce.com/ // Submitted by Salesforce Public Suffix List Team *.builder.code.com *.dev-builder.code.com *.stg-builder.code.com *.001.test.code-builder-stg.platform.salesforce.com *.d.crm.dev *.w.crm.dev *.wa.crm.dev *.wb.crm.dev *.wc.crm.dev *.wd.crm.dev *.we.crm.dev *.wf.crm.dev // Sandstorm Development Group, Inc. : https://sandcats.io/ // Submitted by Asheesh Laroia sandcats.io // SBE network solutions GmbH : https://www.sbe.de/ // Submitted by Norman Meilick logoip.com logoip.de // Scaleway : https://www.scaleway.com/ // Submitted by Rémy Léone fr-par-1.baremetal.scw.cloud fr-par-2.baremetal.scw.cloud nl-ams-1.baremetal.scw.cloud cockpit.fr-par.scw.cloud fnc.fr-par.scw.cloud functions.fnc.fr-par.scw.cloud k8s.fr-par.scw.cloud nodes.k8s.fr-par.scw.cloud s3.fr-par.scw.cloud s3-website.fr-par.scw.cloud whm.fr-par.scw.cloud priv.instances.scw.cloud pub.instances.scw.cloud k8s.scw.cloud cockpit.nl-ams.scw.cloud k8s.nl-ams.scw.cloud nodes.k8s.nl-ams.scw.cloud s3.nl-ams.scw.cloud s3-website.nl-ams.scw.cloud whm.nl-ams.scw.cloud cockpit.pl-waw.scw.cloud k8s.pl-waw.scw.cloud nodes.k8s.pl-waw.scw.cloud s3.pl-waw.scw.cloud s3-website.pl-waw.scw.cloud scalebook.scw.cloud smartlabeling.scw.cloud dedibox.fr // schokokeks.org GbR : https://schokokeks.org/ // Submitted by Hanno Böck schokokeks.net // Scottish Government : https://www.gov.scot // Submitted by Martin Ellis gov.scot service.gov.scot // Scry Security : http://www.scrysec.com // Submitted by Shante Adam scrysec.com // Scrypted : https://scrypted.app // Submitted by Koushik Dutta client.scrypted.io // Securepoint GmbH : https://www.securepoint.de // Submitted by Erik Anders firewall-gateway.com firewall-gateway.de my-gateway.de my-router.de spdns.de spdns.eu firewall-gateway.net my-firewall.org myfirewall.org spdns.org // Seidat : https://www.seidat.com // Submitted by Artem Kondratev seidat.net // Sellfy : https://sellfy.com // Submitted by Yuriy Romadin sellfy.store // Sendmsg : https://www.sendmsg.co.il // Submitted by Assaf Stern minisite.ms // Senseering GmbH : https://www.senseering.de // Submitted by Felix Mönckemeyer senseering.net // Servebolt AS : https://servebolt.com // Submitted by Daniel Kjeserud servebolt.cloud // Service Online LLC : 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KG : https://www.stackit.de/en/ // Submitted by STACKIT-DNS Team (Simon Stier) runs.onstackit.cloud stackit.gg stackit.rocks stackit.run stackit.zone // Staclar : https://staclar.com // Submitted by Q Misell // Submitted by Matthias Merkel musician.io novecore.site // Standard Library : https://stdlib.com // Submitted by Jacob Lee api.stdlib.com // stereosense GmbH : https://www.involve.me // Submitted by Florian Burmann feedback.ac forms.ac assessments.cx calculators.cx funnels.cx paynow.cx quizzes.cx researched.cx tests.cx surveys.so // Storacha Network : https://storacha.network // Submitted by Alan Shaw ipfs.storacha.link ipfs.w3s.link // Storebase : https://www.storebase.io // Submitted by Tony Schirmer storebase.store // Storipress : https://storipress.com // Submitted by Benno Liu storipress.app // Storj Labs Inc. : https://storj.io/ // Submitted by Philip Hutchins storj.farm // Strapi : https://strapi.io/ // Submitted by Florent Baldino strapiapp.com media.strapiapp.com // 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KG : https://zap-hosting.com // Submitted by Julian Alker zap.cloud // Zeabur : https://zeabur.com/ // Submitted by Zeabur Team zeabur.app // Zerops : https://zerops.io/ // Submitted by Zerops Team *.zerops.app // Zine EOOD : https://zine.bg/ // Submitted by Martin Angelov bss.design // Zitcom A/S : https://www.zitcom.dk // Submitted by Emil Stahl basicserver.io virtualserver.io enterprisecloud.nu // Zone.ID: https://zone.id // Submitted by Gx1.org zone.id // ===END PRIVATE DOMAINS=== tldextract-5.3.1/tldextract/__init__.py000066400000000000000000000004221512434166600201730ustar00rootroot00000000000000"""Export tldextract's public interface.""" from . import _version from .tldextract import ExtractResult, TLDExtract, extract, update __version__: str = _version.version __all__ = [ "__version__", "extract", "ExtractResult", "TLDExtract", "update", ] tldextract-5.3.1/tldextract/__main__.py000066400000000000000000000001311512434166600201510ustar00rootroot00000000000000"""tldextract __main__.""" from .cli import main if __name__ == "__main__": main() tldextract-5.3.1/tldextract/cache.py000066400000000000000000000200751512434166600175050ustar00rootroot00000000000000"""Helpers.""" import errno import hashlib import json import logging import os import sys from collections.abc import Callable, Hashable, Iterable from pathlib import Path from typing import ( TypeVar, cast, ) import requests from filelock import FileLock LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__) _DID_LOG_UNABLE_TO_CACHE = False T = TypeVar("T") def get_pkg_unique_identifier() -> str: """Generate an identifier unique to the python version, tldextract version, and python instance. This will prevent interference between virtualenvs and issues that might arise when installing a new version of tldextract """ try: from tldextract._version import version except ImportError: version = "dev" tldextract_version = "tldextract-" + version python_env_name = os.path.basename(sys.prefix) # just to handle the edge case of two identically named python environments python_binary_path_short_hash = hashlib.md5( sys.prefix.encode("utf-8"), usedforsecurity=False ).hexdigest()[:6] python_version = ".".join([str(v) for v in sys.version_info[:-1]]) identifier_parts = [ python_version, python_env_name, python_binary_path_short_hash, tldextract_version, ] pkg_identifier = "__".join(identifier_parts) return pkg_identifier def get_cache_dir() -> str: """Get a cache dir that we have permission to write to. Try to follow the XDG standard, but if that doesn't work fallback to the package directory http://specifications.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html """ cache_dir = os.environ.get("TLDEXTRACT_CACHE", None) if cache_dir is not None: return cache_dir xdg_cache_home = os.getenv("XDG_CACHE_HOME", None) if xdg_cache_home is None: user_home = os.getenv("HOME", None) if user_home: xdg_cache_home = str(Path(user_home, ".cache")) if xdg_cache_home is not None: return str( Path(xdg_cache_home, "python-tldextract", get_pkg_unique_identifier()) ) # fallback to trying to use package directory itself return str(Path(os.path.dirname(__file__), ".suffix_cache")) class DiskCache: """Disk _cache that only works for jsonable values.""" def __init__(self, cache_dir: str | None, lock_timeout: int = 20): """Construct a disk cache in the given directory.""" self.enabled = bool(cache_dir) self.cache_dir = os.path.expanduser(str(cache_dir) or "") self.lock_timeout = lock_timeout # using a unique extension provides some safety that an incorrectly set cache_dir # combined with a call to `.clear()` wont wipe someones hard drive self.file_ext = ".tldextract.json" def get(self, namespace: str, key: str | dict[str, Hashable]) -> object: """Retrieve a value from the disk cache.""" if not self.enabled: raise KeyError("Cache is disabled") cache_filepath = self._key_to_cachefile_path(namespace, key) if not os.path.isfile(cache_filepath): raise KeyError("namespace: " + namespace + " key: " + repr(key)) try: with open(cache_filepath) as cache_file: return json.load(cache_file) except (OSError, ValueError) as exc: raise KeyError("namespace: " + namespace + " key: " + repr(key)) from exc def set( # noqa: A003 self, namespace: str, key: str | dict[str, Hashable], value: object ) -> None: """Set a value in the disk cache.""" if not self.enabled: return cache_filepath = self._key_to_cachefile_path(namespace, key) try: _make_dir(cache_filepath) with open(cache_filepath, "w") as cache_file: json.dump(value, cache_file) except OSError as ioe: global _DID_LOG_UNABLE_TO_CACHE if not _DID_LOG_UNABLE_TO_CACHE: LOG.warning( "unable to cache %s.%s in %s. This could refresh the " "Public Suffix List over HTTP every app startup. " "Construct your `TLDExtract` with a writable `cache_dir` or " "set `cache_dir=None` to silence this warning. %s", namespace, key, cache_filepath, ioe, ) _DID_LOG_UNABLE_TO_CACHE = True def clear(self) -> None: """Clear the disk cache.""" for root, _, files in os.walk(self.cache_dir): for filename in files: if filename.endswith(self.file_ext) or filename.endswith( self.file_ext + ".lock" ): try: os.unlink(str(Path(root, filename))) except FileNotFoundError: pass except OSError as exc: # errno.ENOENT == "No such file or directory" # https://docs.python.org/2/library/errno.html#errno.ENOENT if exc.errno != errno.ENOENT: raise def _key_to_cachefile_path( self, namespace: str, key: str | dict[str, Hashable] ) -> str: namespace_path = str(Path(self.cache_dir, namespace)) hashed_key = _make_cache_key(key) cache_path = str(Path(namespace_path, hashed_key + self.file_ext)) return cache_path def run_and_cache( self, func: Callable[..., T], namespace: str, kwargs: dict[str, Hashable], hashed_argnames: Iterable[str], ) -> T: """Get a url but cache the response.""" if not self.enabled: return func(**kwargs) key_args = {k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if k in hashed_argnames} cache_filepath = self._key_to_cachefile_path(namespace, key_args) lock_path = cache_filepath + ".lock" try: _make_dir(cache_filepath) except OSError as ioe: global _DID_LOG_UNABLE_TO_CACHE if not _DID_LOG_UNABLE_TO_CACHE: LOG.warning( "unable to cache %s.%s in %s. This could refresh the " "Public Suffix List over HTTP every app startup. " "Construct your `TLDExtract` with a writable `cache_dir` or " "set `cache_dir=None` to silence this warning. %s", namespace, key_args, cache_filepath, ioe, ) _DID_LOG_UNABLE_TO_CACHE = True return func(**kwargs) with FileLock(lock_path, timeout=self.lock_timeout): try: result = cast(T, self.get(namespace=namespace, key=key_args)) except KeyError: result = func(**kwargs) self.set(namespace=namespace, key=key_args, value=result) return result def cached_fetch_url( self, session: requests.Session, url: str, timeout: float | int | None ) -> str: """Get a url but cache the response.""" return self.run_and_cache( func=_fetch_url, namespace="urls", kwargs={"session": session, "url": url, "timeout": timeout}, hashed_argnames=["url"], ) def _fetch_url(session: requests.Session, url: str, timeout: int | None) -> str: response = session.get(url, timeout=timeout) response.raise_for_status() text = response.text if not isinstance(text, str): text = str(text, "utf-8") return text def _make_cache_key(inputs: str | dict[str, Hashable]) -> str: key = repr(inputs) return hashlib.md5(key.encode("utf8"), usedforsecurity=False).hexdigest() def _make_dir(filename: str) -> None: """Make a directory if it doesn't already exist.""" if not os.path.exists(os.path.dirname(filename)): try: os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(filename)) except OSError as exc: # Guard against race condition if exc.errno != errno.EEXIST: raise tldextract-5.3.1/tldextract/cli.py000066400000000000000000000062361512434166600172140ustar00rootroot00000000000000"""tldextract CLI.""" import argparse import dataclasses import json import logging import os.path import pathlib import sys from ._version import version as __version__ from .tldextract import TLDExtract def main() -> None: """Tldextract CLI main command.""" logging.basicConfig() parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( prog="tldextract", description="Parse hostname from a url or fqdn" ) parser.add_argument( "--version", action="version", version="%(prog)s " + __version__ ) parser.add_argument( "-j", "--json", default=False, action="store_true", help="output in json format", ) parser.add_argument( "input", metavar="fqdn|url", type=str, nargs="*", help="fqdn or url" ) parser.add_argument( "-u", "--update", default=False, action="store_true", help="force fetch the latest TLD definitions", ) parser.add_argument( "--suffix_list_url", action="append", required=False, help="use an alternate URL or local file for TLD definitions", ) parser.add_argument( "-c", "--cache_dir", help="use an alternate TLD definition caching folder" ) parser.add_argument( "-p", "--include_psl_private_domains", "--private_domains", default=False, action="store_true", help="Include private domains", ) parser.add_argument( "--no_fallback_to_snapshot", default=True, action="store_false", dest="fallback_to_snapshot", help="Don't fall back to the package's snapshot of the suffix list", ) args = parser.parse_args() obj_kwargs = { "include_psl_private_domains": args.include_psl_private_domains, "fallback_to_snapshot": args.fallback_to_snapshot, } if args.cache_dir: obj_kwargs["cache_dir"] = args.cache_dir if args.suffix_list_url is not None: suffix_list_urls = [] for source in args.suffix_list_url: if os.path.isfile(source): as_path_uri = pathlib.Path(os.path.abspath(source)).as_uri() suffix_list_urls.append(as_path_uri) else: suffix_list_urls.append(source) obj_kwargs["suffix_list_urls"] = suffix_list_urls tld_extract = TLDExtract(**obj_kwargs) if args.update: tld_extract.update(True) elif not args.input: parser.print_usage() sys.exit(1) for i in args.input: ext = tld_extract(i) if args.json: properties = ( "fqdn", "ipv4", "ipv6", "registered_domain", "reverse_domain_name", "top_domain_under_public_suffix", "top_domain_under_registry_suffix", ) print( json.dumps( { **dataclasses.asdict(ext), **{prop: getattr(ext, prop) for prop in properties}, } ) ) else: print(f"{ext.subdomain} {ext.domain} {ext.suffix}") tldextract-5.3.1/tldextract/py.typed000066400000000000000000000000001512434166600175510ustar00rootroot00000000000000tldextract-5.3.1/tldextract/remote.py000066400000000000000000000035621512434166600177370ustar00rootroot00000000000000"""tldextract helpers for testing and fetching remote resources.""" import re from ipaddress import AddressValueError, IPv6Address from urllib.parse import scheme_chars IP_RE = re.compile( r"^(?:(?:[0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|1[0-9]{2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])\.)" r"{3}(?:[0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|1[0-9]{2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])$", re.ASCII, ) scheme_chars_set = set(scheme_chars) def lenient_netloc(url: str) -> str: """Extract the netloc of a URL-like string. Similar to the netloc attribute returned by urllib.parse.{urlparse,urlsplit}, but extract more leniently, without raising errors. """ after_userinfo = ( _schemeless_url(url) .partition("/")[0] .partition("?")[0] .partition("#")[0] .rpartition("@")[-1] ) if after_userinfo and after_userinfo[0] == "[": maybe_ipv6 = after_userinfo.partition("]") if maybe_ipv6[1] == "]": return f"{maybe_ipv6[0]}]" hostname = after_userinfo.partition(":")[0].strip() without_root_label = hostname.rstrip(".\u3002\uff0e\uff61") return without_root_label def _schemeless_url(url: str) -> str: double_slashes_start = url.find("//") if double_slashes_start == 0: return url[2:] if ( double_slashes_start < 2 or url[double_slashes_start - 1] != ":" or set(url[: double_slashes_start - 1]) - scheme_chars_set ): return url return url[double_slashes_start + 2 :] def looks_like_ip(maybe_ip: str) -> bool: """Check whether the given str looks like an IPv4 address.""" if not maybe_ip[0].isdecimal(): return False return IP_RE.fullmatch(maybe_ip) is not None def looks_like_ipv6(maybe_ip: str) -> bool: """Check whether the given str looks like an IPv6 address.""" try: IPv6Address(maybe_ip) except AddressValueError: return False return True tldextract-5.3.1/tldextract/suffix_list.py000066400000000000000000000074471512434166600210110ustar00rootroot00000000000000"""tldextract helpers for testing and fetching remote resources.""" import logging import pkgutil import re from collections.abc import Sequence from typing import cast import requests from requests_file import FileAdapter from .cache import DiskCache LOG = logging.getLogger("tldextract") PUBLIC_SUFFIX_RE = re.compile(r"^(?P[.*!]*\w[\S]*)", re.UNICODE | re.MULTILINE) PUBLIC_PRIVATE_SUFFIX_SEPARATOR = "// ===BEGIN PRIVATE DOMAINS===" class SuffixListNotFound(LookupError): # noqa: N818 """A recoverable error while looking up a suffix list. Recoverable because you can specify backups, or use this library's bundled snapshot. """ def find_first_response( cache: DiskCache, urls: Sequence[str], cache_fetch_timeout: float | int | None = None, session: requests.Session | None = None, ) -> str: """Decode the first successfully fetched URL, from UTF-8 encoding to Python unicode.""" session_created = False if session is None: session = requests.Session() session.mount("file://", FileAdapter()) session_created = True try: for url in urls: try: return cache.cached_fetch_url( session=session, url=url, timeout=cache_fetch_timeout ) except requests.exceptions.RequestException: LOG.warning( "Exception reading Public Suffix List url %s", url, exc_info=True ) finally: # Ensure the session is always closed if it's constructed in the method if session_created: session.close() raise SuffixListNotFound( "No remote Public Suffix List found. Consider using a mirror, or avoid this" " fetch by constructing your TLDExtract with `suffix_list_urls=()`." ) def extract_tlds_from_suffix_list(suffix_list_text: str) -> tuple[list[str], list[str]]: """Parse the raw suffix list text for its different designations of suffixes.""" public_text, _, private_text = suffix_list_text.partition( PUBLIC_PRIVATE_SUFFIX_SEPARATOR ) public_tlds = [m.group("suffix") for m in PUBLIC_SUFFIX_RE.finditer(public_text)] private_tlds = [m.group("suffix") for m in PUBLIC_SUFFIX_RE.finditer(private_text)] return public_tlds, private_tlds def get_suffix_lists( cache: DiskCache, urls: Sequence[str], cache_fetch_timeout: float | int | None, fallback_to_snapshot: bool, session: requests.Session | None = None, ) -> tuple[list[str], list[str]]: """Fetch, parse, and cache the suffix lists.""" return cache.run_and_cache( func=_get_suffix_lists, namespace="publicsuffix.org-tlds", kwargs={ "cache": cache, "urls": urls, "cache_fetch_timeout": cache_fetch_timeout, "fallback_to_snapshot": fallback_to_snapshot, "session": session, }, hashed_argnames=["urls", "fallback_to_snapshot"], ) def _get_suffix_lists( cache: DiskCache, urls: Sequence[str], cache_fetch_timeout: float | int | None, fallback_to_snapshot: bool, session: requests.Session | None = None, ) -> tuple[list[str], list[str]]: """Fetch, parse, and cache the suffix lists.""" try: text = find_first_response( cache, urls, cache_fetch_timeout=cache_fetch_timeout, session=session ) except SuffixListNotFound as exc: if fallback_to_snapshot: maybe_pkg_data = pkgutil.get_data("tldextract", ".tld_set_snapshot") # package maintainers guarantee file is included pkg_data = cast(bytes, maybe_pkg_data) text = pkg_data.decode("utf-8") else: raise exc public_tlds, private_tlds = extract_tlds_from_suffix_list(text) return public_tlds, private_tlds tldextract-5.3.1/tldextract/tldextract.py000066400000000000000000000663111512434166600206230ustar00rootroot00000000000000"""`tldextract` accurately separates a URL's subdomain, domain, and public suffix. It does this via the Public Suffix List (PSL). >>> import tldextract >>> tldextract.extract("http://forums.news.cnn.com/") ExtractResult(subdomain='forums.news', domain='cnn', suffix='com', is_private=False) >>> tldextract.extract("http://forums.bbc.co.uk/") # United Kingdom ExtractResult(subdomain='forums', domain='bbc', suffix='co.uk', is_private=False) >>> tldextract.extract("http://www.worldbank.org.kg/") # Kyrgyzstan ExtractResult(subdomain='www', domain='worldbank', suffix='org.kg', is_private=False) Note subdomain and suffix are _optional_. Not all URL-like inputs have a subdomain or a valid suffix. >>> tldextract.extract("google.com") ExtractResult(subdomain='', domain='google', suffix='com', is_private=False) >>> tldextract.extract("google.notavalidsuffix") ExtractResult(subdomain='google', domain='notavalidsuffix', suffix='', is_private=False) >>> tldextract.extract("http://127.0.0.1:8080/deployed/") ExtractResult(subdomain='', domain='127.0.0.1', suffix='', is_private=False) To rejoin the original hostname, if it was indeed a valid, registered hostname: >>> ext = tldextract.extract("http://forums.bbc.co.uk") >>> ext.top_domain_under_public_suffix 'bbc.co.uk' >>> ext.fqdn 'forums.bbc.co.uk' """ from __future__ import annotations import os import urllib.parse import warnings from collections.abc import Collection, Sequence from dataclasses import dataclass, field from functools import wraps import idna import requests from .cache import DiskCache, get_cache_dir from .remote import lenient_netloc, looks_like_ip, looks_like_ipv6 from .suffix_list import get_suffix_lists CACHE_TIMEOUT = os.environ.get("TLDEXTRACT_CACHE_TIMEOUT") PUBLIC_SUFFIX_LIST_URLS = ( "https://publicsuffix.org/list/public_suffix_list.dat", "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/publicsuffix/list/master/public_suffix_list.dat", ) @dataclass(order=True) class ExtractResult: """A URL's extracted subdomain, domain, and suffix. These first 3 fields are what most users of this library will care about. They are the split, non-overlapping hostname components of the input URL. They can be used to rebuild the original URL's hostname. Beyond the first 3 fields, the class contains metadata fields, like a flag that indicates if the input URL's suffix is from a private domain. """ subdomain: str """All subdomains beneath the domain of the input URL, if it contained any such subdomains, or else the empty string.""" domain: str """The topmost domain of the input URL, if it contained a domain name, or else everything hostname-like in the input. If the input URL didn't contain a real domain name, the `suffix` field will be empty, and this field will catch values like an IP address, or private network hostnames like "localhost". """ suffix: str """The public suffix of the input URL, if it contained one, or else the empty string. If `include_psl_private_domains` was set to `False`, this field is the same as `registry_suffix`, i.e. a domain under which people can register subdomains through a registrar. If `include_psl_private_domains` was set to `True`, this field may be a PSL private domain, like "blogspot.com". """ is_private: bool """Whether the input URL belongs in the Public Suffix List's private domains. If `include_psl_private_domains` was set to `False`, this field is always `False`. """ registry_suffix: str = field(repr=False) """The registry suffix of the input URL, if it contained one, or else the empty string. This field is a domain under which people can register subdomains through a registar. This field is unaffected by the `include_psl_private_domains` setting. If `include_psl_private_domains` was set to `False`, this field is always the same as `suffix`. """ @property def fqdn(self) -> str: """The Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN), if there is a proper `domain` and `suffix`, or else the empty string. >>> extract("http://forums.bbc.co.uk/path/to/file").fqdn 'forums.bbc.co.uk' >>> extract("http://localhost:8080").fqdn '' """ if self.suffix and (self.domain or self.is_private): return ".".join(i for i in (self.subdomain, self.domain, self.suffix) if i) return "" @property def ipv4(self) -> str: """The IPv4 address, if that is what the input domain/URL was, or else the empty string. >>> extract("http://127.0.0.1/path/to/file").ipv4 '127.0.0.1' >>> extract("http://127.0.0.1.1/path/to/file").ipv4 '' >>> extract("http://256.1.1.1").ipv4 '' """ if ( self.domain and not (self.suffix or self.subdomain) and looks_like_ip(self.domain) ): return self.domain return "" @property def ipv6(self) -> str: """The IPv6 address, if that is what the input domain/URL was, or else the empty string. >>> extract( ... "http://[aBcD:ef01:2345:6789:aBcD:ef01:127.0.0.1]/path/to/file" ... ).ipv6 'aBcD:ef01:2345:6789:aBcD:ef01:127.0.0.1' >>> extract( ... "http://[aBcD:ef01:2345:6789:aBcD:ef01:127.0.0.1.1]/path/to/file" ... ).ipv6 '' >>> extract("http://[aBcD:ef01:2345:6789:aBcD:ef01:256.0.0.1]").ipv6 '' """ min_num_ipv6_chars = 4 if ( len(self.domain) >= min_num_ipv6_chars and self.domain[0] == "[" and self.domain[-1] == "]" and not (self.suffix or self.subdomain) ): debracketed = self.domain[1:-1] if looks_like_ipv6(debracketed): return debracketed return "" @property def registered_domain(self) -> str: """The `domain` and `suffix` fields joined with a dot, if they're both set, or else the empty string. >>> extract("http://forums.bbc.co.uk").registered_domain 'bbc.co.uk' >>> extract("http://localhost:8080").registered_domain '' .. deprecated:: 5.3.1 Use `top_domain_under_public_suffix` instead, which has the same behavior but a more accurate name. .. versionremoved:: 6.0.0 This property will be removed in the next major version. This is an alias for the `top_domain_under_public_suffix` property. `registered_domain` is so called because is roughly the domain the owner paid to register with a registrar or, in the case of a private domain, "registered" with the domain owner. If the input was not something one could register, this property returns the empty string. To distinguish the case of private domains, consider Blogspot, which is in the PSL's private domains. If `include_psl_private_domains` was set to `False`, the `registered_domain` property of a Blogspot URL represents the domain the owner of Blogspot registered with a registrar, i.e. Google registered "blogspot.com". If `include_psl_private_domains=True`, the `registered_domain` property represents the "blogspot.com" _subdomain_ the owner of a blog "registered" with Blogspot. >>> extract( ... "http://waiterrant.blogspot.com", include_psl_private_domains=False ... ).registered_domain 'blogspot.com' >>> extract( ... "http://waiterrant.blogspot.com", include_psl_private_domains=True ... ).registered_domain 'waiterrant.blogspot.com' To always get the same joined string, regardless of the `include_psl_private_domains` setting, consider the `top_domain_under_registry_suffix` property. """ warnings.warn( "The 'registered_domain' property is deprecated and will be removed in the next major version. " "Use 'top_domain_under_public_suffix' instead, which has the same behavior but a more accurate name.", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2, ) return self.top_domain_under_public_suffix @property def reverse_domain_name(self) -> str: """The domain name in Reverse Domain Name Notation. Joins extracted components of the input URL in reverse domain name notation. The suffix is used as the leftmost component, followed by the domain, then followed by the subdomain with its parts reversed. Reverse Domain Name Notation is typically used to organize namespaces for packages and plugins. Technically, a full reversal would reverse the parts of the suffix, e.g. "co.uk" would become "uk.co", but this is not done in practice when Reverse Domain Name Notation is called for. So this property leaves the `suffix` part in its original order. >>> extract("login.example.com").reverse_domain_name 'com.example.login' >>> extract("login.example.co.uk").reverse_domain_name 'co.uk.example.login' """ stack = [self.suffix, self.domain] if self.subdomain: stack.extend(reversed(self.subdomain.split("."))) return ".".join(stack) @property def top_domain_under_registry_suffix(self) -> str: """The rightmost domain label and `registry_suffix` joined with a dot, if such a domain is available and `registry_suffix` is set, or else the empty string. The rightmost domain label might be in the `domain` field, or, if the input URL's suffix is a PSL private domain, in the public suffix `suffix` field. If the input was not in the PSL's private domains, this property is equivalent to `top_domain_under_public_suffix`. >>> extract( ... "http://waiterrant.blogspot.com", include_psl_private_domains=False ... ).top_domain_under_registry_suffix 'blogspot.com' >>> extract( ... "http://waiterrant.blogspot.com", include_psl_private_domains=True ... ).top_domain_under_registry_suffix 'blogspot.com' >>> extract("http://localhost:8080").top_domain_under_registry_suffix '' """ top_domain_under_public_suffix = self.top_domain_under_public_suffix if not top_domain_under_public_suffix or not self.is_private: return top_domain_under_public_suffix num_labels = self.registry_suffix.count(".") + 2 return ".".join(top_domain_under_public_suffix.split(".")[-num_labels:]) @property def top_domain_under_public_suffix(self) -> str: """The `domain` and `suffix` fields joined with a dot, if they're both set, or else the empty string. >>> extract("http://forums.bbc.co.uk").top_domain_under_public_suffix 'bbc.co.uk' >>> extract("http://localhost:8080").top_domain_under_public_suffix '' """ if self.suffix and self.domain: return f"{self.domain}.{self.suffix}" return "" class TLDExtract: """A callable for extracting, subdomain, domain, and suffix components from a URL.""" # TODO: too-many-arguments def __init__( self, cache_dir: str | None = get_cache_dir(), suffix_list_urls: Sequence[str] = PUBLIC_SUFFIX_LIST_URLS, fallback_to_snapshot: bool = True, include_psl_private_domains: bool = False, extra_suffixes: Sequence[str] = (), cache_fetch_timeout: str | float | None = CACHE_TIMEOUT, ) -> None: """Construct a callable for extracting subdomain, domain, and suffix components from a URL. Upon calling it, it first checks for a JSON in `cache_dir`. By default, the `cache_dir` will live in the tldextract directory. You can disable the caching functionality of this module by setting `cache_dir` to `None`. If the cached version does not exist, such as on the first run, HTTP request the URLs in `suffix_list_urls` in order, and use the first successful response for public suffix definitions. Subsequent, untried URLs are ignored. The default URLs are the latest version of the Mozilla Public Suffix List and its mirror, but any similar document URL could be specified. Local files can be specified by using the `file://` protocol (see `urllib2` documentation). To disable HTTP requests, set this to an empty sequence. If there is no cached version loaded and no data is found from the `suffix_list_urls`, the module will fall back to the included TLD set snapshot. If you do not want this behavior, you may set `fallback_to_snapshot` to False, and an exception will be raised instead. The Public Suffix List includes a list of "private domains" as TLDs, such as blogspot.com. These do not fit `tldextract`'s definition of a suffix, so these domains are excluded by default. If you'd like them included instead, set `include_psl_private_domains` to True. You can specify additional suffixes in the `extra_suffixes` argument. These will be merged into whatever public suffix definitions are already in use by `tldextract`, above. cache_fetch_timeout is passed unmodified to the underlying request object per the requests documentation here: http://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/user/advanced/#timeouts cache_fetch_timeout can also be set to a single value with the environment variable TLDEXTRACT_CACHE_TIMEOUT, like so: TLDEXTRACT_CACHE_TIMEOUT="1.2" When set this way, the same timeout value will be used for both connect and read timeouts """ suffix_list_urls = suffix_list_urls or () self.suffix_list_urls = tuple( url.strip() for url in suffix_list_urls if url.strip() ) self.fallback_to_snapshot = fallback_to_snapshot if not (self.suffix_list_urls or cache_dir or self.fallback_to_snapshot): raise ValueError( "The arguments you have provided disable all ways for tldextract " "to obtain data. Please provide a suffix list data, a cache_dir, " "or set `fallback_to_snapshot` to `True`." ) self.include_psl_private_domains = include_psl_private_domains self.extra_suffixes = extra_suffixes self._extractor: _PublicSuffixListTLDExtractor | None = None self.cache_fetch_timeout = ( float(cache_fetch_timeout) if isinstance(cache_fetch_timeout, str) else cache_fetch_timeout ) self._cache = DiskCache(cache_dir) def __call__( self, url: str, include_psl_private_domains: bool | None = None, session: requests.Session | None = None, ) -> ExtractResult: """Alias for `extract_str`.""" return self.extract_str(url, include_psl_private_domains, session=session) def extract_str( self, url: str, include_psl_private_domains: bool | None = None, session: requests.Session | None = None, ) -> ExtractResult: """Take a string URL and splits it into its subdomain, domain, and suffix components. Args: url: The URL string to extract components from include_psl_private_domains: Whether to treat PSL private domains as suffixes. If None, uses the instance default. session: Optional requests.Session for HTTP configuration (e.g., proxies) Returns: ExtractResult: Named tuple containing subdomain, domain, suffix, and metadata Examples: Basic extraction: >>> extractor = TLDExtract() >>> extractor.extract_str("http://forums.news.cnn.com/") ExtractResult(subdomain='forums.news', domain='cnn', suffix='com', is_private=False) >>> extractor.extract_str("http://forums.bbc.co.uk/") ExtractResult(subdomain='forums', domain='bbc', suffix='co.uk', is_private=False) Using a custom session: >>> import requests >>> session = requests.Session() >>> # customize your session here >>> with session: ... extractor.extract_str( ... "http://forums.news.cnn.com/", session=session ... ) ExtractResult(subdomain='forums.news', domain='cnn', suffix='com', is_private=False) """ return self._extract_netloc( lenient_netloc(url), include_psl_private_domains, session=session ) def extract_urllib( self, url: urllib.parse.ParseResult | urllib.parse.SplitResult, include_psl_private_domains: bool | None = None, session: requests.Session | None = None, ) -> ExtractResult: """Extract components from a pre-parsed URL object. Args: url: ParseResult or SplitResult from urllib.parse methods include_psl_private_domains: Whether to treat PSL private domains as suffixes. If None, uses the instance default. session: Optional requests.Session for HTTP configuration Returns: ExtractResult: Named tuple containing subdomain, domain, suffix, and metadata Note: This method is faster than `extract_str` since the URL is already parsed. Examples: >>> extractor = TLDExtract() >>> extractor.extract_urllib( ... urllib.parse.urlsplit("http://forums.news.cnn.com/") ... ) ExtractResult(subdomain='forums.news', domain='cnn', suffix='com', is_private=False) >>> extractor.extract_urllib( ... urllib.parse.urlsplit("http://forums.bbc.co.uk/") ... ) ExtractResult(subdomain='forums', domain='bbc', suffix='co.uk', is_private=False) """ return self._extract_netloc( url.netloc, include_psl_private_domains, session=session ) def _extract_netloc( self, netloc: str, include_psl_private_domains: bool | None, session: requests.Session | None = None, ) -> ExtractResult: netloc_with_ascii_dots = ( netloc.replace("\u3002", "\u002e") .replace("\uff0e", "\u002e") .replace("\uff61", "\u002e") ) min_num_ipv6_chars = 4 if ( len(netloc_with_ascii_dots) >= min_num_ipv6_chars and netloc_with_ascii_dots[0] == "[" and netloc_with_ascii_dots[-1] == "]" and looks_like_ipv6(netloc_with_ascii_dots[1:-1]) ): return ExtractResult( "", netloc_with_ascii_dots, "", is_private=False, registry_suffix="" ) labels = netloc_with_ascii_dots.split(".") maybe_indexes = self._get_tld_extractor(session).suffix_index( labels, include_psl_private_domains=include_psl_private_domains ) num_ipv4_labels = 4 if ( not maybe_indexes and len(labels) == num_ipv4_labels and looks_like_ip(netloc_with_ascii_dots) ): return ExtractResult( "", netloc_with_ascii_dots, "", is_private=False, registry_suffix="" ) elif not maybe_indexes: return ExtractResult( subdomain=".".join(labels[:-1]), domain=labels[-1], suffix="", is_private=False, registry_suffix="", ) ( (public_suffix_index, public_suffix_node), (registry_suffix_index, registry_suffix_node), ) = maybe_indexes subdomain = ( ".".join(labels[: public_suffix_index - 1]) if public_suffix_index >= 2 else "" ) domain = labels[public_suffix_index - 1] if public_suffix_index > 0 else "" public_suffix = ".".join(labels[public_suffix_index:]) registry_suffix = ( ".".join(labels[registry_suffix_index:]) if public_suffix_node.is_private else public_suffix ) return ExtractResult( subdomain=subdomain, domain=domain, suffix=public_suffix, is_private=public_suffix_node.is_private, registry_suffix=registry_suffix, ) def update( self, fetch_now: bool = False, session: requests.Session | None = None ) -> None: """Clear cache and force fresh suffix list fetch on next extraction. Args: fetch_now: If True, immediately fetch updated suffix lists session: Optional requests.Session for HTTP configuration """ self._extractor = None self._cache.clear() if fetch_now: self._get_tld_extractor(session=session) @property def tlds(self, session: requests.Session | None = None) -> list[str]: """The list of TLDs used by default. This will vary based on `include_psl_private_domains` and `extra_suffixes`. """ return list(self._get_tld_extractor(session=session).tlds()) def _get_tld_extractor( self, session: requests.Session | None = None ) -> _PublicSuffixListTLDExtractor: """Get or compute this object's TLDExtractor. Looks up the TLDExtractor in roughly the following order, based on the settings passed to __init__: 1. Memoized on `self` 2. Local system _cache file 3. Remote PSL, over HTTP 4. Bundled PSL snapshot file """ if self._extractor: return self._extractor public_tlds, private_tlds = get_suffix_lists( cache=self._cache, urls=self.suffix_list_urls, cache_fetch_timeout=self.cache_fetch_timeout, fallback_to_snapshot=self.fallback_to_snapshot, session=session, ) if not any([public_tlds, private_tlds, self.extra_suffixes]): raise ValueError("No tlds set. Cannot proceed without tlds.") self._extractor = _PublicSuffixListTLDExtractor( public_tlds=public_tlds, private_tlds=private_tlds, extra_tlds=list(self.extra_suffixes), include_psl_private_domains=self.include_psl_private_domains, ) return self._extractor TLD_EXTRACTOR = TLDExtract() class Trie: """Trie for storing eTLDs with their labels in reverse-order.""" def __init__( self, matches: dict[str, Trie] | None = None, end: bool = False, is_private: bool = False, ) -> None: """TODO.""" self.matches = matches if matches else {} self.end = end self.is_private = is_private @staticmethod def create( public_suffixes: Collection[str], private_suffixes: Collection[str] | None = None, ) -> Trie: """Create a Trie from a list of suffixes and return its root node.""" root_node = Trie() for suffix in public_suffixes: root_node.add_suffix(suffix) if private_suffixes is None: private_suffixes = [] for suffix in private_suffixes: root_node.add_suffix(suffix, True) return root_node def add_suffix(self, suffix: str, is_private: bool = False) -> None: """Append a suffix's labels to this Trie node.""" node = self labels = suffix.split(".") labels.reverse() for label in labels: if label not in node.matches: node.matches[label] = Trie() node = node.matches[label] node.end = True node.is_private = is_private @wraps(TLD_EXTRACTOR.__call__) def extract( # noqa: D103 url: str, include_psl_private_domains: bool | None = False, session: requests.Session | None = None, ) -> ExtractResult: return TLD_EXTRACTOR( url, include_psl_private_domains=include_psl_private_domains, session=session ) @wraps(TLD_EXTRACTOR.update) def update(*args, **kwargs): # type: ignore[no-untyped-def] # noqa: D103 return TLD_EXTRACTOR.update(*args, **kwargs) class _PublicSuffixListTLDExtractor: """Wrapper around this project's main algo for PSL lookups.""" def __init__( self, public_tlds: list[str], private_tlds: list[str], extra_tlds: list[str], include_psl_private_domains: bool = False, ): # set the default value self.include_psl_private_domains = include_psl_private_domains self.public_tlds = public_tlds self.private_tlds = private_tlds self.tlds_incl_private = frozenset(public_tlds + private_tlds + extra_tlds) self.tlds_excl_private = frozenset(public_tlds + extra_tlds) self.tlds_incl_private_trie = Trie.create( self.tlds_excl_private, frozenset(private_tlds) ) self.tlds_excl_private_trie = Trie.create(self.tlds_excl_private) def tlds(self, include_psl_private_domains: bool | None = None) -> frozenset[str]: """Get the currently filtered list of suffixes.""" if include_psl_private_domains is None: include_psl_private_domains = self.include_psl_private_domains return ( self.tlds_incl_private if include_psl_private_domains else self.tlds_excl_private ) def suffix_index( self, spl: list[str], include_psl_private_domains: bool | None = None ) -> tuple[tuple[int, Trie], tuple[int, Trie]] | None: """Return the index of the first public suffix label, the index of the first registry suffix label, and their corresponding trie nodes. Returns `None` if no suffix is found. """ if include_psl_private_domains is None: include_psl_private_domains = self.include_psl_private_domains node = reg_node = ( self.tlds_incl_private_trie if include_psl_private_domains else self.tlds_excl_private_trie ) suffix_idx = reg_idx = label_idx = len(spl) for label in reversed(spl): decoded_label = _decode_punycode(label) if decoded_label in node.matches: label_idx -= 1 node = node.matches[decoded_label] if node.end: suffix_idx = label_idx if not node.is_private: reg_node = node reg_idx = label_idx continue is_wildcard = "*" in node.matches if is_wildcard: is_wildcard_exception = "!" + decoded_label in node.matches return ( label_idx if is_wildcard_exception else label_idx - 1, node.matches["*"], ), ( reg_idx, reg_node, ) break if suffix_idx == len(spl): return None return ((suffix_idx, node), (reg_idx, reg_node)) def _decode_punycode(label: str) -> str: lowered = label.lower() looks_like_puny = lowered.startswith("xn--") if looks_like_puny: try: return idna.decode(lowered) except (UnicodeError, IndexError): pass return lowered tldextract-5.3.1/tox.ini000066400000000000000000000007111512434166600152200ustar00rootroot00000000000000[tox] envlist = py{310,311,312,313,314},pypy{310,311},codestyle,lint,typecheck [testenv] commands = pytest {posargs} extras = testing [testenv:codestyle] basepython = python3.10 commands = ruff format --check {posargs:.} extras = testing [testenv:lint] basepython = python3.10 commands = ruff check {posargs:.} extras = testing [testenv:typecheck] basepython = python3.10 commands = mypy --show-error-codes scripts tldextract tests extras = testing